<p>The Fort Mill Ridge Civil War Trenches are battle trenches in West Virginia that were originally dug between 1861 and 1862 to be later used in 1863 for the civil war. These trenches lined with chestnut logs by the Confederate artillery during the American Civil War to defend the approaches to Romney on the Northwestern Turnpike and the South Branch Potomac River. The trenches were then refurbished between March and June 1863 by the 54th Pennsylvania Infantry and the 1st West Virginia Infantry. When Colonel Jacob M. Campbell  garrisoned Union forces at Romney, camps were set up at nearby at Mechanicsburg Gap. The Confederates might have created these trenches but all throughout the war the Union had control of these trenches.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Mill Ridge trenches are believed to be the best preserved battle trenches dating from the Civil War in existence. The trenches are located three miles southwest of Romney adjacent to the Fort Mill Ridge Wildlife Management Area off of the Northwestern Turnpike (USA Route 50/West Virginia Route 28).</p><br>
<p>This place is significant not only because of the battle that took place but also for the military engineering. The engineering style the Confederates used is an excellent example of a "rammed earth fortification" which protected transportation routes as well. Also, this brought a new era to warfare and a new style of fighting in trenches rather than on an open field. It provided more protection and defense than the offensive strategy of fighting. The defensive method was used so the transports can pass by safely.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Rocky Hill Meeting House is a well-preserved New England meeting house located on Old Portsmouth Road in Amesbury, Massachusetts. Built about 1785, and not used as a church after 1840, it has the best-preserved example of an original 18th-century meeting house interior in New England. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is now a museum property owned and operated by Historic New England. It is open selected days each year; admission is charged.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rocky Hill Meeting House is located east of downtown Amesbury, on Old Portsmouth Road, now a short spur between Elm Street and Interstate 495. It is a roughly square 2-1/2 story timber frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Each side is five bays wide, with entrances on three sides. The principal entrance is on the south side, in a projecting two-story stairhouse. The interior consists of a single large chamber with a second-floor gallery on three sides. It lacks the modern amenities of electricity, plumbing, and heat.</p><br>
<p>The meeting house was built to serve the west parish of Salisbury in approximately 1785, replacing a c. 1715 meeting house. George Washington greeted local townspeople in this meeting house on his northward journey in 1789. By the 1840s, regular religious services had come to an end. Historic New England acquired the meeting house in 1941.</p><br>
<p>Its interior has remained virtually unchanged since it was constructed, with the original high pulpit, pentagonal sounding board, deacon&#39;s desk, marbleized columns, box pews (complete with graffiti and foot warmers), unfinished stairs to the gallery, and sloping gallery on three sides. The pews have never been painted, the marbleized pulpit and pillars supporting the galleries still feature their original paint, and the building still contains its original hardware.</p><br>
<p>The John Greenleaf Whittier Home is a historic house located at 86 Friend Street, Amesbury, Massachusetts. It was the home of American poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier from 1836 until his death in 1892, and is now a nonprofit museum open to the public May 1 through October 31; an admission fee is charged. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The John Greenleaf Whittier House was built in 1811. At that time it was a -story wood-frame Cape style cottage, with four rooms on the ground floor and one in the attic. A kitchen ell and shed were added to the back. The house was purchased by Whittier in 1836 to provide accommodation for himself as well as his mother, aunt, and sister Eliza. He lived here until his death in 1892. Whittier wrote most of his poetry and prose in this house, including his classic Snow-Bound, which he wrote in the Garden Room.</p><br>
<p>The Whittier family made significant modifications to the house during their 80 years of ownership. Whittier added a bedroom to the southeast corner of the house not long after buying it. In 1847, with the financial assistance of Quaker philanthropist Joseph Sturge, the house was significantly enlarged. The new bedroom was enlarged and converted into a sitting room and study, a porch was added to the east side of the house, and a full second story was added over the eastern half of the house.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>After Whittiers death in 1892, his niece, Lizzy Pickard, was not interested in maintaining the house. The Whittier Home Association was established in 1898 as a vehicle to preserve the house and the Whittier legacy. Lizzies son, Greenleaf Pickard, in 1904 decided to live in the house, but made a series of additions in part to preserve the original portion used by Whittier. The west side of the house was also raised to a full two stories, and the kitchen ell was replaced by a two-story addition. The present front porch is believed to date to this time period as well. The old kitchen ell was separated from the house and is now a small outbuilding.</p><br>
<p>The house was subsequently acquired by the Whittier Home Association, and opened as a museum. The house and its furnishings are essentially unchanged from the poets death, including living rooms, bedroom, and Whittiers writing study with all its furnishings.</p><br>
<p>Whittier&#39;s birthplace in nearby Haverhill, the John Greenleaf Whittier Homestead, is also open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Salem Maritime National Historic Site is a National Historic Site consisting of 12 historic structures, one replica tall-ship, and about 9 acres  of land along the waterfront of Salem Harbor in Salem, Massachusetts, United States. Salem Maritime is the first National Historic Site established in the United States . It interprets the Triangle Trade during the colonial period, in cotton, rum, sugar and slaves; the actions of privateers during the American Revolution; and global maritime trade with the Far East, after independence. The National Park Service manages both the National Historic Site and a Regional Visitor Center in downtown Salem. The National Park Service  is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the National Park Service, which runs the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, released figures and statistics for 2012: there were 756,038 visitors to Salem who spent an estimated $40,000,000. The National Park Service celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Properties</h2><br>
<p>The site preserves and interprets numerous maritime resources in the form of artifacts, collections and structures, including:</p><br>
<p>Derby House (1762) – built in 1762 by Captain Richard Derby as a wedding gift for his son Elias Hasket Derby; it is a fine example of Georgian architecture. The younger Derby became one of the wealthiest men in the United States after independence.</p><br>
<p>Derby Wharf (1762, extended 1806) – Owned by the Derby family business, this was Salem&#39;s longest wharf (nearly 1/2 mile). When in active use, it was lined with warehouses of goods from around the world. The Derby Wharf Light (1871) remains at the end of the wharf.</p><br>
<p>Friendship of Salem – a replica of a 1797 East Indiaman. The replica ship was built in the Scarano Brothers Shipyard in Albany, New York, in 1997. It is operated as a museum ship. The original Friendship made 15 voyages during her career: to Batavia, India, China, South America, the Caribbean, England, Germany, the Mediterranean, and Russia. She was captured as a prize of the War of 1812 by the British in September 1812.</p><br>
<p>Hawkes House (1780, 1800) – designed by famous Salem architect Samuel McIntire, building was begun in 1780. The unfinished building was purchased and completed around 1800 by Benjamin Hawkes.</p><br>
<p>Narbonne House (1675) – The part of the house with the high peaked roof was built by butcher Thomas Ivesl. He later added a lean-to the south side and a kitchen lean-to at the back. Around 1740 the southern lean-to was replaced by a gambrel-roofed addition that still exists. From 1750 to 1780, the house was owned by Capt. Joseph Hodges. It was purchased in 1780 by tanner Jonathan Andrew. Descendants of the Andrew family lived there from 1780 to 1964, when the house was sold to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Pedrick Store House, a three-story building, constructed around 1770, is a historic rigging and sail loft. It was relocated to the Salem Maritime National Historic Site from Marblehead, Massachusetts in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Salem Custom House (1819) – This is the 13th Customs House in Salem; the first was built in 1649. Taxes were collected on imported cargoes. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote about the eagle on top of the Custom House in his novel The Scarlet Letter (1850). The eagle was carved by woodcarver and cabinetmaker Joseph True. Other works of his are in the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph Hall (1909) – Original home of The St. Joseph Society (1897), a fraternal society established by late 19th century Polish immigrants. The first floor was retail space that could be rented out to provide an income for the support of the building. The large hall on the second floor was the site of hundreds of weddings, dances, plays, and other social events in the Polish community. It increased rapidly in the late 19th-early 20th-century immigration wave. On the top floor, the Society built several apartments to house new immigrants until they could get permanently settled. The building now serves as park headquarters.</p><br>
<p>West India Goods Store (1804) – Built by Captain Henry Prince about 1804, it was likely first used as a warehouse. Prince stored goods that he imported from the East Indies, such as pepper, coffee, water buffalo hides, and tortoise shells.</p><br>
<p>By 1836, Charles Dexter had a shop in this building. It was one of many that served Salem households by selling candles, oils, clothing, tin, and glassware. Besides stocking general groceries such as grain, cheese, dried beans and rum, the store attracted customers with many foreign imported goods and luxuries from Europe, Asia and Africa. The store continued to operate as a retail space throughout the nineteenth century. Later occupants included painters, a tobacconist, and a wine and liquor merchant.</p><br>
<h2>Adjacent historic areas</h2><br>
<p>A short walk from the Salem Maritime National Historic Site are the Chestnut Street District, Federal Street District, Downtown Salem District, Bridge Street Neck Historic District, Charter Street Historic District, Crombie Street District, Derby Waterfront District, Essex Institute Historic District, Salem Willows Historic District and the Salem Common Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park in Cornish, New Hampshire, preserves the home, gardens, and studios of Augustus Saint-Gaudens , one of Americas foremost sculptors. The house and grounds of the National Historic Site served as his summer residence from 1885 to 1897, his permanent home from 1900 until his death in 1907, and the center of the Cornish Art Colony. There are three hiking trails that explore the parks natural areas. Original sculptures are on exhibit, along with reproductions of his greatest masterpieces. It is located on Saint-Gaudens Road in Cornish, 0.5 mi off New Hampshire Route 12A.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Saint-Gaudens purchased the property in 1885 at the urging of Charles Cotesworth Beaman Jr., a friend and New York City lawyer, who had purchased the nearby Blow-Me-Down Farm (now also part of the historic site) and established it as a summer residence. He called it "Aspet" after the town of his fathers birth in France. Saint-Gaudens established a studio, and produced work here every summer, and lived here year-round from 1900 until his death in 1907. Beamans summer estate was a center of activity of the Cornish Art Colony. After the death of Saint-Gaudens&#39; wife Augusta in 1926, Aspet was transferred to the Saint-Gaudens Memorial, a non-profit organization, established by Augusta Saint-Gaudens in 1919. The Memorial ran the property as a museum from 1927 until it was transferred to the National Park Service (NPS) in 1965. The Trustees of the Memorial continue to support the preservation and development of the park and to provide public programming.</p><br>
<p>The estate was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962 and administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. In 2010, an adjacent property known as "Blow-Me-Down-Farm", formerly owned by Charles Cotesworth Beaman Jr., was donated to the NPS by the Saint-Gaudens Memorial, a non-profit operating partner of the Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park. The John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, signed into law March 12, 2019, redesignated the national historic site as a national historical park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The centerpieces of Aspet are its main house, built 1816–17 with Federal styling, which underwent a series of alterations by Saint-Gaudens, with design work by George Fletcher Babb, and the Little Studio, also designed by Babb and built in 1903–04 to replace earlier studios. The grounds are landscaped with hedges and terraced gardens, in which reproductions of works by Saint-Gaudens are displayed. The gardens were designed by Saint-Gaudens and landscape architect Ellen Shipman. The grounds also include an outdoor room, the Pan Grove, a collaborative design of Babb and Saint-Gaudens, featuring an 8-foot by 4-foot green marble pool set in a birch grove with a statue of the Greek god Pan.</p><br>
<h2>Artists-in-residence</h2><br>
<p>Saint-Gaudens has had a sculptor-in-residence since 1969, the oldest continuous artist residency in the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>American sculptor Lawrence Nowlan was an artist-in-residence at Saint-Gaudens for five summers from 1995 to 1997 and again from 2001 to 2002. He received his first major commission to design the Wildland Firefighters National Monument while working and studying at Saint-Gaudens.</p><br>
<p>The 2023-2024 Sculptor-in-Residence is Davis Fandiño.</p><br>
<p>The Parlange Plantation House  is a historic plantation house at Louisiana Highway 1 and Louisiana Highway 78 in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana. The plantation is a classic example of a large French Colonial plantation house in the United States. Its construction date is disputed. Oral history indicates a date of c. 1750 for both establishment of the plantation and construction of the house. Scholarly works accept the establishment date only, having found strong evidence for a construction date from 1830-1840.</p><br>
<p>The home exemplifies the style of the semi-tropical Louisiana river country house, the Parlange Plantation home is a two-story raised cottage. The main floor is set on a brick basement with brick pillars to support the veranda of the second story. The raised basement is of brick, manufactured by enslaved people on the plantation. The walls, both inside and out, were plastered with a native mixture of mud, sand, Spanish moss and animal hair (bousillage), then painted. The ground story and second floors contain seven service rooms, arranged in a double line. The walls and ceiling throughout the house were constructed of close-fitting bald cypress planks.</p><br>
<p>There is an octagonal pigeonnier near the house. The home was once surrounded by a formal garden, but the garden was destroyed during the Civil War and never rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>History of the plantation and the Ternant-Parlange family</h2><br>
<p>Vincent de Ternant, known as the Marquis of Dansville-sur-Meuse, received the plantation grounds in a French land grant and developed the 10,000 acres (40 km) into an active plantation facing False River. When de Ternant&#39;s son Claude inherited the plantation, he changed the cash crop from indigo to sugarcane and cotton.</p><br>
<p>When Claude de Ternant died, his second wife Virginie remarried. (By her first husband, Virginie was the maternal grandmother of Parisian socialite Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau, who was the subject of John Singer Sargents portrait "Madame X".) Virginies second husband, another Frenchman, was Colonel Charles Parlange, from whom the plantation took its name.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Parlange alternatively served as Union headquarters for General Nathaniel Banks and Confederate headquarters for General Richard Taylor.</p><br>
<p>Colonel and Mrs. Parlange had one son, also named Charles, who survived the Civil War to begin a distinguished career as a State Senator, United States District Attorney, Lieutenant Governor, federal judge, and finally justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>After Virginie Parlange died in 1887, her son and his wife moved to New Orleans. Judge and Mrs. Charles Parlange leased the plantation to tenants for the next twenty years, until their son Walter Parlange returned to Pointe Coupée Parish to take up the life of a plantation farmer.</p><br>
<p>Today Parlange retains 1500 acres (6 km), which are still used as a cattle and sugarcane plantation. It is owned and operated by descendants of the original owners. The plantation house remains largely intact and is occasionally available for private tours by appointment only. It is located near the intersection of Louisiana Highway 1 and Louisiana Highway 78.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Parlange Plantation and the history of Virginie de Ternant was the inspiration for the Bagatelle Plantation and the heroine Virginie Tregan in the novel Louisiane by Maurice Denuzière.</p><br>
<p>The Abraham Browne House  is a colonial house located at 562 Main Street, Watertown, Massachusetts, US. It is now a nonprofit museum operated by Historic New England and open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally a modest one-over-one dwelling. The house features steep roofing and casement windows. During restoration works in 1919, details of 17th century finish were found. The ground floor consists of one large room that is used for living, cooking, and sleeping.</p><br>
<p>By 1919 the house was nearly ruined when it was acquired by William Sumner Appleton, who in 1923 donated it to Historic New England. The house has grown by a series of enlargements but they occurred behind the original block, thus preserving the profile of the one-over-one elevation. The exception, a 19th-century addition, was removed before 1919. The Browne House is one of fewer than a half-dozen houses in New England to retain this profile.</p><br>
<p>The Abraham Browne house was featured on PBS&#39;s This Old House television program.</p><br>
<p>The Edmund Fowle House is a historic house and local history museum at 28 Marshall Street in Watertown, Massachusetts, USA. Built in 1772, it is the second-oldest surviving house in Watertown , and served as the meeting place for the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in the first year of the American Revolutionary War. Now owned by the local historic society, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Edmund Fowle House is located northeast of Watertown Square, on the south side of Marshall Street between Spring and Mount Auburn Streets. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It has a five-bay front facade, with a center entrance sheltered by a projecting enclosed flat-roofed vestibule. The vestibule entry is flanked by sidelight windows and framed by fluted moulding.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Edmund Fowle (1747–1821) in 1772, and was originally located on Mount Auburn St., then called Mill St. Watertown was the seat of Massachusetts Provincial Congress, its de facto government, during the British occupation of Boston during the American Revolution. The committees of the 2nd and 3rd Provincial Congress met in this house from April 22 to July 19, 1775, and the Executive Committee met here from July 19, 1775, to September 18, 1776. In 1776, the Treaty of Watertown, the first treaty signed between the newly formed United States of America and a foreign power, the St. Johns and Mikmaq First Nations of Nova Scotia, was signed in this house.</p><br>
<p>Sturgis and Brigham Architects (Charles Brigham and John Hubbard Sturgis) purchased the house in 1871, moved it to its present Marshall St. address and converted it into a two family residence. The Historical Society of Watertown purchased the house in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The Historical Society was awarded $500,000 in 2004 and another $200,000 in 2006 by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the restoration of the Edmund Fowle House. The grand re-opening of the house took place in May 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Barrett House , also known as Forest Hall, is a Federal style American mansion located in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, part of the New Ipswich Center Village Historic District. It is now a nonprofit museum operated by Historic New England and open to the public several days a year. An admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to tradition, Forest Hall was built as a wedding gift for Charles Barrett and his bride by his father, a prosperous farmer in town who had invested in a glass factory, a toll road, a canal system, and, most successfully, in New Hampshire&#39;s first cotton mill. The interiors are elegantly furnished, and numerous reception rooms were designed for entertaining in a cosmopolitan manner. An elaborate allée was later added to the landscape, with a flight of stone steps flanked by maples rising up the hillside behind the house and leading to an elegant summerhouse.</p><br>
<p>However, after the railroad bypassed New Ipswich, the town entered into a decline. Charles Barrett&#39;s descendants stayed on, but today Forest Hall remains essentially a relic of the Federal era. After 1887, the family used the house only in the summer-time. It was donated to Historic New England in 1950.</p><br>
<p>Barrett House was one of the filming locations for the 1979 Merchant Ivory Productions film adaptation of the Henry James novel entitled The Europeans.</p><br>
<p>The Vassar College Observatory is an astronomical observatory of the private Vassar College, located near the eastern edge of the Poughkeepsie, New York colleges campus. Finished in 1865, it was the first building on the colleges campus, older even than the Main Building, with which it shares the status of National Historic Landmark. The observatory&#39;s significance is due to its association with Maria Mitchell, the first widely known female astronomer in the United States.</p><br>
<p>As the college has built a new observatory on a hill near the edge of campus, the building is no longer used for astronomy. In 2008 it underwent a large restoration and renovation and now houses the offices of the education department and classrooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mitchell, the first manager of the observatory, focused primarily on observing planets and their satellites. She was an avid advocate for using the observatory as part of courses of study. Students could frequently be found using both the main telescope and any number of smaller instruments. In addition to serving as an educational and research facility, the original observatory also served as a home for Maria and her father during and after her tenure as professor.</p><br>
<p>Professor Mary W. Whitney assumed the directorship in 1888. She had been a student of Mitchell&#39;s. Whitney focused on comets and published in 1890, 1892 and 1895 in the Astronomical Journal.</p><br>
<p>It was noted in Popular Astronomy in 1904, "In general the work done at Vassar is similar to that done at several of the smaller German and Italian observatories."</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The old observatory is no longer used for research. While the building still stands, the telescope has been removed and most of the building is used as office space. In the late 1990s, a new observatory was built on the Vassar College campus. The Class of &#39;51 Observatory houses two telescopes; one 20-inch reflector used primarily for public outreach, and a 32-inch reflector used for teaching and research. It is tied with the Austin-Fellows telescope of the Stull Observatory at Alfred University for being the 2nd-largest optical telescope in the state of New York, the largest being the 40-inch reflector at SUNY Oneonta College Observatory.</p><br>
<h3>List of directors</h3><br>
<p>Maria Mitchell (1865–1888)</p><br>
<p>Mary W. Whitney (1888–1895)</p><br>
<p>Caroline Furness (1895–1936)</p><br>
<p>Maud Worcester Makemson (1936-1957)</p><br>
<p>Henry Albers (1958–1990)</p><br>
<p>Fred Chromey (1990–2016)</p><br>
<p>Colette Salyk (2016–present)</p><br>
<p>Hartford is one of five unincorporated villages in the town of Hartford, Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It is also referred to as Hartford Village. For the 2020 census it was listed as a census-designated place, with a population of 754, out of 10,686 in the entire town of Hartford.</p><br>
<p>Hartford is the birthplace of Horace Wells, the first dentist to use nitrous oxide or "laughing gas" as anesthesia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hartford village was first established in the late 18th century, when it was called White River Village. In its early years, it was the town&#39;s principal community center, but it was later supplanted in that role by White River Junction, which is approximately one mile east of Hartford village. In the 19th century Hartford village was the site of several industries, including a grain mill, a chair factory, and a woolen mill.</p><br>
<h3>Hartford Village Historic District</h3><br>
<p>The Hartford Village Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The 50 acre historic district includes portions of Hartford Main Street, Park Street, Pleasant Street, School Street, Summer Street, Elmwood Court, Mapleside Terrace. There are 80 contributing and 20 non-contributing buildings in the district, consisting mainly of 19th-century era residences.</p><br>
<p>Some of the more significant properties in the historic district are:</p><br>
<p>Second Congregational Church, 237 Hartford Main Street, 1828.</p><br>
<p>Hartford Library, 217 Hartford Main Street, 1893.</p><br>
<p>Gov. Samuel E. Pingree House, 13 School Street, c.1867.</p><br>
<p>Hartford Village Grammar School, 23 School Street, 1906.</p><br>
<p>Cascadnac Grange, 194 Hartford Main Street, c.1870.</p><br>
<p>Hartford Diner, 190 Hartford Main Street, c.1940.</p><br>
<p>Kneeland-Cone House, 173 Hartford Main Street, 1804, 1890/1897.</p><br>
<p>Wyllys Lyman House, 185 Hartford Main Street, 1828.</p><br>
<p>Brooks Store-Pease Block, 201-203 Hartford Main Street, c.1900.</p><br>
<p>French Mercantile Block, 209 Hartford Main Street, 1804.</p><br>
<p>Horace Pease House ("Sunnyacre")/Elks Lodge, 215 Hartford Main Street, 1884.</p><br>
<p>Ephraim Morris House, 221 Hartford Main Street, 1894.</p><br>
<p>House (Horace Wells birthplace), 9 School Street, c.1840.</p><br>
<p>Plantsville is a neighborhood in the town of Southington, Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. It is centered at the merger between South Main Street  and West Main Street . As of the 2000 Census there were 10,387 people living in the Zip Code Tabulation Area for zip code 06479, which is assigned the postal city name Plantsville.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Plantsville is located in the south-central part of Southington at geographical coordinates 41° 34′ 56" North, 72° 53′ 25" West (41.5824, -72.8904). It is just south of the town center of Southington. The CDP border follows Prospect Street and Carter Lane on the north side, Old Turnpike Road on the east, Mulberry Street on the south, and Atwater Street and Interstate 84 on the west. Connecticut Route 10 (Main Street) passes through the center of Plantsville, leading north to the center of Southington and south to Cheshire.</p><br>
<p>The Quinnipiac River flows through the community, just west of Route 10.</p><br>
<h2>1962 Tornado</h2><br>
<p>On May 24, 1962, the neighborhood was partially flattened by a high-end F3 tornado. The tornado, which was "near-F4" intensity at the time, damaged or destroyed numerous buildings, homes, businesses, and vehicles throughout the area. Overall, the storm left one dead and 50 injured.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the 2000 Census, there were a total of 10,387 people living within the Plantsville Zip Code Tabulation Area. The median age was 38.3. The median home value in Plantsville is $255,500.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The Plantsville Historic District is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Education</h3><br>
<p>There are three schools located in Plantsville: Plantsville School, Strong Elementary School, and John F. Kennedy Middle School.</p><br>
<p>The Schindler House, also known as the Schindler Chace House or Kings Road House, is a house in West Hollywood, California, designed by architect Rudolph M. Schindler.</p><br>
<p>The house serves as headquarters to the MAK Center for Art and Architecture, which operate and program three Schindler sites, and is owned and conserved by the Friends of Schindler House.</p><br>
<p>The Schindler House was a departure from existing residential architecture because of what it did not have; there is no conventional living room, dining room or bedrooms in the house. The residence was meant to be a cooperative live/work space for two young families. The concrete walls and sliding canvas panels made novel use of industrial materials, while the open floor plan integrated the external environment into the residence, setting a precedent for California architecture in particular.</p><br>
<h2>Inspiration</h2><br>
<p>Schindler and his wife Pauline vacationed in Yosemite in October 1921. Inspired by the trip, Schindler returned to create a design for multiple families to share a modern living area, much like Curry Village, Yosemite National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Schindler House is laid out as two interlinking L-shaped apartments (referred to as the Schindler and Chace apartments) using the basic design of the camp site that he had seen a year before. Each apartment was designed for a separate family, consisting of 2 studios, connected by a utility room. The utility room was meant to serve the functions of a kitchen, laundry, sewing room, and storage. The four studios were originally designated for the four members of the household (Rudolph & Pauline Schindler and Clyde & Marian Chace). The house also has a guest studio with its own kitchen and bathroom. The house, at just under 3,500 ft&sup2, sits on a 20,000 ft&sup2; lot.</p><br>
<p>Instead of bedrooms, there are two rooftop sleeping baskets. The baskets were redwood four post canopies with beams at mitered corners, protected from the rain by canvas sides.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>When Schindler first submitted plans to the local planning authorities, they were denied, citing this radical, at the time, new method of construction. After many trips to the local planning office and extensive talks to convince them of its merit, the Building department granted him a temporary permit, meaning that they reserved the right to halt construction at any stage.</p><br>
<p>The house is built on a flat concrete slab, which is both the foundation and the final floor. The walls are concrete tilt up slabs, poured into forms on top of the foundation. The tilt up slabs are separated by 3 in, filled with concrete, clear glass or frosted glass. The tilt up panels act as the hard sheltering wall at the back of the house, and a softer permeable screen at the front. Schindler had long been fascinated by the construction method of tilt up concrete slabs, having done extensive research on them in his early days working for Ottenheimer, Stern, and Reichert. He was now intent on using this method for the new home he was designing, along with his friend Clyde Chace, an engineer and contractor who had worked closely with Irving J. Gill who pioneered tilt-up architecture in Southern California.</p><br>
<p>With Schindler as architect and Chace as builder to save costs, construction began in November 1921. Construction was complete by June 1922, with a total cost of $12,550. The landscaping, furniture and sleeping baskets remained to be completed. The Chaces and Schindlers shared the house from the summer of 1922 until July 1924 when the Chaces moved to Florida.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Schindler&#39;s friend, partner and rival, Richard Neutra along with his wife Dione and son Frank lived in the Chace apartment from March 1925 until the summer of 1930.</p><br>
<p>Pauline Gibling Schindler left the house and her husband in August 1927 while Rudolph remained at the house until his death in 1953. The Chace apartment had a variety of famous and creative people live in it, including; art dealer & collector Galka Scheyer, dancer John Bovingdon, novelist Theodore Dreiser, photographer Edward Weston and composer John Cage. Pauline Schindler returned to live in the Chace Studios part of the house, separate from her former husband, in the late 1930s and stayed until her death in May 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Friends of the Schindler House (1977-present)</h2><br>
<p>Pauline Schindler died in May 1977, leaving the house in the Schindler family until the (FoSH), an organization created by architects and historians passionate about the house and its legacy as well as members of the Schindler family, purchased the property in June 1980</p><br>
<p>from the California State Office of Historic Preservation with the aid of a $160,000 state grant.</p><br>
<p>FoSH owns and is responsible for the house, which was in a very challenging state when it was received. The first phase of restoration to the house was completed in the mid-1980s. By this time, the West Hollywood neighborhood had been rezoned to allow four-story apartment buildings. Gregory Ain (who greatly admired Schindler), advocated that the property should be sold and the house rebuilt in the desert, because its context had changed so profoundly. As with all complex renovations, debates as to which era to return the house to have been part of the restoration and preservation process.</p><br>
<p>In 2022, on the hundredth anniversary of the Schindler House, FoSH launched a campaign to stabilize and preserve the house. Events during the year include special events, a film screening, and a series of online discussions of the impact of the house on architectural modernism.</p><br>
<h2>MAK Center for Art and Architecture (1994-present)</h2><br>
<p>On August 10, 1994, the Friends of the Schindler House signed an agreement with the Austrian Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna to create the nonprofit MAK Center for Art and Architecture. The MAK Center for Art and Architecture&#39;s mission is to serve as a contemporary, experimental, multi-disciplinary center for art and architecture and is headquartered in three architectural landmarks by the Austrian-American architect Rudolph M. Schindler. The center operates a residency program and exhibition space at the (R.M. Schindler, 1939) and runs more intimate programming at the (R.M. Schindler, 1936) in Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>The FoSH and MAK Center agreement allow Pauline Schindlers FoSH to retain full ownership of the property, with MAK Center serving as the public-facing institution that operates the house for public visits, tours, exhibitions, programs, and events. A $250,000 grant from MAK was used to restore the house as a study center for experimental architecture, and the museum also provide significant operating costs to FoSH. In 2022, the Museum der angewandte Kunst and the MAK Center contributed $150,000 in support of the FoSHs centennial campaign to restore the Schindler House.</p><br>
<h2>Schindler House Centennial Celebration (2022)</h2><br>
<p>In 2022, the MAK Center for Art and Architecture, the public institution which operates the Schindler House, presented Schindler House: 100 Years in the Making, a series of programs and exhibitions to mark the building&#39;s hundredth anniversary.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Schindlers radical concept for a cooperative life/work space with its raw concrete walls and sliding canvas panels were an innovative use of industrial materials and its open floor plan thoroughly integrated the house with the surrounding gardens. "The Pit (Breitenbrunn am Neusiedlersee, Austria)", Peter Noevers land art project at the beginning of the Eurasian Steppe, situated at the interface between two world cultures, at a geopolitical intersection in the east of Austria, bares the "Concrete Fragment - Rudolph M. Schindler". A 1:1 cast of the tilt-up slabs in concrete, made on the occasion of the exhibitions at the MAK. It is at the same time a landmark to Schindlers architectural conception, where one can clearly witness the spirit, scale and material, 9.860 km away from the Kings Road House and only 39 km from Schindlers birthplace.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, the Schindler House has had to contend with the rising density of the surrounding neighborhood. The surrounding neighborhood is currently dominated by 4-story condominium and apartment buildings designed by Lorcan O&#39;Herlihy, vastly different from the original expansive lots for single family residences.</p><br>
<p>The condominium was built despite efforts by numerous notable architects who were invited by Peter Noever on behalf of the MAK Center in 2003 to submit alternative proposals for the site. Selected by a jury that included Frank Gehry, Chris Burden, Michael Asher and Richard Koshalek, all of the resulting proposals—including the three winning designs, by Odile Decq, Eric Owen Moss and Carl Pruscha—were organized into an exhibition, "A Tribute to Preserving Schindler&#39;s Paradise," at the house. Other competition entrants included Coop Himmelb(l)au, Lebbeus Woods, Dominique Perrault, Zaha Hadid, and Peter Eisenman. All submitted projects are documented in the publication "ARCHITECTURAL RESISTANCE."</p><br>
<p>The Schindler House was included in a list of all-time top 10 houses in Los Angeles in a Los Angeles Times survey of experts in December 2008.</p><br>
<p>The John C. Campbell Folk School, also referred to as "The Folk School", is located in Brasstown, North Carolina. It is the oldest and largest folk school in the United States. It is a non-profit adult educational organization based on non-competitive learning. The Folk School offers classes year-round in over fifty subject areas including art, craft, music, dance, and nature studies. Established in 1925, the Folk School&#39;s motto is "I sing behind the plow".</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a national historic district in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Folk School has more than 800 week-long and weekend classes year-round in traditional and contemporary arts, including blacksmithing, music, dance, cooking, gardening, nature studies, photography, storytelling, and writing. The 300-acre campus includes a history museum, craft shop, nature trails, lodging, campground, and cafeteria. The school also holds a regular concert series and community dances. The Folk School engages the community through a variety of dance teams including: Rapper Magic Sword, StiX in the Mud Border Morris, Dame&#39;s Rocket Northwest Clog, Rural Felicity Garland, and the JCCFS Cloggers.</p><br>
<p>The Folk School hosts more than 6,000 adult students and 100,000 visitors per year.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Folk School</h2><br>
<p>After spending eighteen months traveling between Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland, visiting local schools along the way, Olive Dame Campbell and her colleague Marguerite Butler, began forming the John C. Campbell Folk School in 1925 in Brasstown, North Carolina, along the Cherokee County and Clay line. This folk high school, or folkehøjskole, was dedicated to her late husband John C. Campbell, and was based on the Danish Folk School style of non competitive education, where no grades were given. Instead, students and teachers formed a community that worked together to help each other advance in various crafts such as blacksmithing. It was originally founded with an emphasis on agriculture and "the doing of life&#39;s work."</p><br>
<p>John C. Campbell, (1867–1919) was an American educator and reformer noted for his survey of social conditions in the southern Appalachia. He was born in Indiana and raised in Wisconsin; he studied education and theology in New England.</p><br>
<p>At the turn of the century, the Southern Appalachian region of the United States was viewed as being in need of educational and social missions. Recently married to Olive Dame of Massachusetts, John undertook a fact-finding survey of social conditions in the mountains in 1908–1909. The Campbells outfitted a wagon as a traveling home and studied mountain life from Georgia to West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>While John interviewed farmers about their agricultural practices, Olive collected Appalachian ballads and studied the handicrafts of the mountain people. Both were hopeful that the quality of life could be improved by education, and in turn, wanted to preserve and share with the rest of the world the crafts, techniques and tools that the people of the area used in everyday life.</p><br>
<p>The Folkehøjskole had long been a force in the rural life of Denmark. These schools for life helped transform the Danish countryside into a vibrant, creative force. The Campbells talked of establishing such a school in the rural southern United States as an alternative to the higher-education facilities that drew young people away from the family farm.</p><br>
<p>Several locations were under consideration for the experimental school. On an exploratory trip, Miss Butler discussed the idea with Fred O. Scroggs, Brasstown&#39;s local storekeeper, saying that she would be back in a few weeks to determine if area residents had any interest in the idea. When she returned, it was to a meeting of over 200 people at the local church. The people of far west North Carolina enthusiastically pledged labor, land, building materials and other support.</p><br>
<p>Early classes included gymnastics, public health, history, geography, literature, and folk dancing. The Brasstown Carvers formed at the Folk School in 1929. A wood-carved mule from the Folk School stood on President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Oval Office desk in the 1930s. The creamery produced ice cream and whole milk as well.</p><br>
<p>As late as 1934 the Folk School and Brasstown operated in its own time zone. At that time Cherokee County operated on Central time and Clay County ran on Eastern time. Due to frequent gatherings at the Folk School, Brasstown clocks were set half-way in-between to avoid confusion. When it was 1 p.m. in Murphy and 2 p.m. in Hayesville, it was 1:30 p.m. in Brasstown.</p><br>
<p>Since 1937, the Folk School has also hosted an annual summer arts program for youth called Little Middle. A dramatic reading of A Christmas Carol has been performed on campus each December since 1949. The Fall Festival is the Folk Schools largest annual event, attracting thousands of people to the campus for crafts, food, and folk demonstrations. The festival has been held every year since 1974, except for 2020 and 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Folk School launched its annual Friends & Family Day in 2022 for the community to tour studios and see demonstrations. In early 2022 the Folk School opened Olives Porch, a studio space and retail shop, in downtown Murphy.</p><br>
<h2>Class types offered</h2><br>
<p>Craft classes include: Basketry; Carpentry; Glass beadmaking; Blacksmithing; Bookbinding; Broom Making; Dollmaking; Dyeing; Felt Making; Furniture Making; Lace; Leather; Metalwork; Needlework; Quilting; Rugs; Sewing; Soap Making; Spinning; Weaving; Woodturning; and Woodworking</p><br>
<p>Art classes include: Calligraphy; Clay; Drawing; Enameling; Glass; Jewelry; Kaleidoscopes; Knitting; Marbling; Mosaics; Painting; Paper Arts; Photography; Printmaking; Sculpture; and Woodcarving.</p><br>
<p>Other types of classes include: Baking; Cooking; Dance; Folklore; Gardening; Music; Nature Studies; Storytelling; and Writing.</p><br>
<h2>Accolades</h2><br>
<p>The Folk School was named one of “100 Best Vacations to Enrich Your Life” by National Geographic magazine in 2007 and named “Best of the Road” by Rand McNally Atlas in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Campus buildings</h2><br>
<p>Note: Dates of construction given when known</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>Maintenance Building (2004)</p><br>
<p>Bidstrup House (1982)</p><br>
<p>Little House (1981)</p><br>
<p>Campground (1970s)</p><br>
<p>Log Barn (1970)</p><br>
<p>The Cottage (1960s)</p><br>
<p>History Center (1939, renovated 2018)</p><br>
<p>Log Cabin Museum (1897, reconstructed 1926)</p><br>
<h2>Directors</h2><br>
<p>Olive Dame Campbell (1925–1946)</p><br>
<p>Dagnall Folger (1946–1950)</p><br>
<p>Howard Kester (1950–1951)</p><br>
<p>George Bidstrup (1952–1967)</p><br>
<p>John Ramsey (1967–1973)</p><br>
<p>Wayne Kniffen (1973–1974)</p><br>
<p>Gus and Maggie Masters (1974–1976)</p><br>
<p>Esther Manchester (1976–1980)</p><br>
<p>Bob Fink (1980–1985)</p><br>
<p>Bob Grove (Interim) (1985)</p><br>
<p>Ron Hill (1985–1991)</p><br>
<p>Perry Kelley (Interim) (1991–1992)</p><br>
<p>Jan Davidson (1992–2017)</p><br>
<p>Phil Mattox (Interim) (2017)</p><br>
<p>Jerry Jackson (2017–2023)</p><br>
<p>Bethany Chaney (2023–present)</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni and educators</h2><br>
<p>Aubrey Atwater – folk musician</p><br>
<p>Jason Bivens – Forged in Fire champion</p><br>
<p>Georgia Bonesteel – quilting teacher</p><br>
<p>Frank Brannon – book and paper artist and teacher</p><br>
<p>Cynthia Bringle – pottery instructor</p><br>
<p>Olive Dame Campbell – founder</p><br>
<p>Claire Cunningham – CEO and founder of</p><br>
<p>Bob Dalsemer – former music and dance coordinator who was an internationally known square and contra dance writer and caller</p><br>
<p>Bettye Kimbrell – quilting teacher</p><br>
<p>Homer Ledford – instrument maker and bluegrass musician</p><br>
<p>Susan Morgan Leveille – weaving teacher</p><br>
<p>Deborah Needleman – former editor-in-chief of WSJ and T: The New York Times Style Magazine attended in 2018</p><br>
<p>John Jacob Niles – composer and singer who first performed I Wonder as I Wander at the folk school</p><br>
<p>David Rakoff – writer, editor, and former board of directors member</p><br>
<p>Harley Refsal – wood carver</p><br>
<p>Jean Ritchie – singer, songwriter, and Appalachian dulcimer player</p><br>
<p>Heidi Swedberg – actress and musician</p><br>
<p>Doris Ulmann – photographer</p><br>
<p>Francis Whitaker – blacksmith</p><br>
<p>The Ritz Theatre is a theater located in Haddon Township, New Jersey. The venue is owned and operated by The Ritz Theatre Company, a nonprofit organization. The theater was added to the New Jersey and National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ritz Theatre was built in 1927 by William E. Butler for an estimated $400,000 and designed by the architectural firm Hodgens and Hill with 800 seats. It was named after the Ritz hotel in Paris. The groundbreaking ceremony in February 1927 was attended by Oaklyn, New Jersey, borough officials. It was built in a Classical Revival architectural style as a movie theater and opened on September 12, 1927, with the film Tillie the Toiler. Vaudeville acts also performed alongside movie showings. The auditorium walls feature neo-classical canvas murals with gilt trimmed columns and velvet draped balconies enclosed by classic carved balustrades.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling of the theater collapsed in the 1930s and after the repairs were made, the seating capacity changed to 600. By 1948, the theatre was operated by the Peerless Corporation. Starting in March 1954 with The Lavender Hill Mob, through the 1960s, the Ritz showed fine art and foreign films. In the 1970s, the Ritz became an adult movie theater operated by a company that operated another pornographic movie theater. The theater closed in early 1985.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1985, a theatre company led by producing artistic director Bruce A. Curless, Puttin on the Ritz, Inc., rented the Ritz Theatre and renamed it the Ritz Vaudeville Theater. The stage was expanded over existing rows of seating, reducing the capacity to 400 seats. This initiative later turned into having Shadow Interpreters for the theatres annual Christmas tradition of Scrooge in 2006 and 2008, as well as mainstage shows such as Arsenic and Old Lace in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Ritz Theatre Company, Inc. presents six mainstage productions and eight children&#39;s productions each season. They serve more than 73,300 patrons annually. Also offered are holiday shows, special events, summer theatre camp, dramatic workshops and outreach programs. The Theatre building also boasts The Gallery at the Ritz, an in-house art gallery that offers professional monthly art exhibits.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the board of directors purchased the 466-seat theatre, making it the permanent home of the ensemble. On December 26, 2002, the Ritz was added to the New Jersey and National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>During a renovation, the roof was replaced, the electrical system was upgraded, and sprinklers were installed. The lobby was renovated with new carpeting and paint, and work had begun on restoring the front of the building and the classic marquee as well as the classical Greek interior murals.</p><br>
<p>In April 2014, the Ritz held its first fundraiser to keep the building and theatre going. The first annual "Rock The Ritz" fundraiser brought in over $11,000 to help the organization.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Krysten Cummings</p><br>
<p>Cory Wade Hindorff</p><br>
<p>Cristin Milioti: Ritz productions include Carousel, Romeo and Juliet, as well as the Christmas tradition of Scrooge</p><br>
<p>Samuel Perry Dinsmoor  was an American teacher and eccentric sculptor from Lucas, Kansas, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Early life</h2><br>
<p>Dinsmoor was born near Coolville, Ohio. He served in the Civil War for three years in the Union Army, during which he witnessed eighteen major battles, among them the Battle of Gettysburg. After the war, he worked as a schoolteacher in Illinois for five years. He later took up farming and moved to Kansas in 1888. He briefly moved to Nebraska in 1890 only to return to Kansas the following year. He retired in 1905 and began a second career as a sculptor.</p><br>
<h2>Garden of Eden</h2><br>
<p>Dinsmoor built and moved into a log cabin on a lot that he named the Garden of Eden in Lucas, Kansas. The cabin is a twelve-room house; the logs are made up of limestone quarried near Wilson Lake. Dinsmoor designed his landscape and spent the rest of his life creating the garden, which contains over 200 concrete sculptures. The sculptures and design of the house reflect Dinsmoor&#39;s belief in the Populist movement and his religious convictions, it includes a Labor Crucified figure that is surrounded by the people who put him on the Cross, a doctor, lawyer, preacher and capitalist.</p><br>
<p>The final resting place for Dinsmoor and his first wife, Frances A. Barlow Journey, is inside the mausoleum in one corner of the lot. As part of a tour, visitors are allowed to view Dinsmoor in his concrete coffin, which is sealed behind a glass wall. Inside the mausoleum is also a double-exposed photo of a live Dinsmoor viewing his deceased body inside the coffin.</p><br>
<p>The garden is open to the public and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Personal life</h2><br>
<p>Dinsmoor married Frances A. Barlow Journey on August 24, 1870. After she died in 1917, he married Emilie Brozek; he was 81 and she was 22 at the time. They had two children. His son John was a Colonel in the United States Air Force and served in the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<p>The Al. Ringling Theatre in Baraboo, Wisconsin, United States, opened its doors in November 1915 and has been operating continuously ever since. Designed by the architectural firm Rapp and Rapp, it was built by Albert Ringling, one of the circus Ringling Brothers, for $100,000. Over the years, it has featured performances from vaudeville and silent movies to grand opera starring such notables as Lionel Barrymore and Mary Pickford.</p><br>
<p>The design of the theater is based on the Orpheum Theatre, built by Rapp and Rapp in Champaign, Illinois in 1914. The decor of the auditorium is said to have derived from Ange-Jacques Gabriels opera house of 1763-1770 in the Palace of Versailles but some believe it to be at least equally based on Victor Louiss 1780 Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux.</p><br>
<p>Originally the theater had a Style 1 Wurlitzer theater pipe organ. Later a 9 rank, 3 manual Barton with a "circus wagon" style console replaced the Wurlitzer.</p><br>
<p>The Al Ringling Theater was featured in an episode of PBSs History Detectives, where they investigated whether it was the countrys first great movie palace.</p><br>
<p>The Lockport Powerhouse is an American run-of-the-river dam used by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago to control the outflow of the Sanitary and Ship Canal and limit the diversion of water from Lake Michigan into the Des Plaines River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal reached Lockport, Illinois in the 1890s. As part of this construction, a lock and dam was built in Lockport. Seven waste gates, used to control the level of water in the canal and Des Plaines River, were part of this project. From 1903 to 1907, the canal was extended from Lockport to Joliet. Construction on the Lockport Powerhouse began as part of this extension in 1905. Designed by Frederick L. Barrett, the red-roofed Beaux Arts powerhouse was constructed with concrete blocks coursed to resemble stone. The powerhouse featured four Francis-style turbines to generate electrical power, capable of generating 40,000 hp. These turbines have since been replaced with two vertical Kaplan turbines. The powerhouse was also the home of the waste gate controls. The lock and gates were designed to manage a 40 ft drop in canal elevation between the two municipalities.</p><br>
<p>A second phase of construction occurred from 1922 to 1933 to handle differing water loads following the opening of the Ohio River Standard Navigation Lock. First operational in 1907, the powerhouse is now recognized as the oldest hydroelectric plant in Illinois. The Lockport Lock, Dam and Power House Historic District was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on March 10, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Navigation Lock</h2><br>
<p>The lock next to the dam & powerhouse is largely used for barge traffic and has a 39 foot (11.8 meters) drop. It is the second of eight locks on the Illinois Waterway connecting Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>Atlanta City Hall is the headquarters of the City of Atlanta government. It was constructed in 1930, and is located in Downtown Atlanta. It is a high-rise office tower very similar to dozens of other city halls built in the United States during the same time period. Located in South Downtown, it is near other governmental structures, such as the Georgia State Capitol and the Fulton County Courthouse. The Neo-Gothic structure features many architectural details that have helped to make the building a historical landmark. It is Atlanta’s fourth city hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early city hall buildings</h3><br>
<p>After half a decade of makeshift meeting places for city business (including hotels and grocery stores), in 1853 mayor of Atlanta John Mims purchased the four-acre (16,000 m) “Peters’s Reserve” from Richard Peters for $5,000. On this land (current site of the Georgia State Capitol) was built a two-story brick structure (with an additional two-story cupola) for the city hall as well as some court functions. Each floor was 70 by 100 ft providing nearly 15,000 ft&sup2; of space. It opened on October 17, 1854, and served for three decades during which time it served as campgrounds for the occupying Union army during the war and was briefly the state capitol during 1868 when the capital first moved from Milledgeville, Georgia. It was demolished in 1885. In 1882, Atlanta City Hall was relocated to the old chamber of commerce building, which was four stories tall and located on the northeast corner of Pryor and Hunter, across Hunter (now Martin Luther King Jr. Drive) from the site of the Fulton County Courthouse. It was the city hall from 1882 to 1911, leaving the same year that the Courthouse started construction.</p><br>
<h3>1911–1930 City Hall building</h3><br>
<p>In 1911, the city hall moved to what once the USA Post Office and Customs House, located on the north side of Marietta Street between Forsyth and Fairlie. Purchased from the USA federal government by Atlanta mayor Robert Maddox for $70,000 (equivalent to $ million in ), this imposing structure served as city hall for nearly twenty years. It was so solidly built that the first company hired to raze it actually went out of business before completing the job.</p><br>
<h3>Current building</h3><br>
<p>The current city hall, designed by G. Lloyd Preacher, was completed in February 1930. Located in South Downtown at 68 Mitchell Street SW, the building occupies the site of the house that General William Tecumseh Sherman took as the headquarters of his occupation after his Atlanta Campaign and before his March to the Sea (Sept.–Nov., 1864). The house was one of the few buildings in Atlanta that Sherman did not destroy. At the time, it belonged to Richard F. Lyon, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. This building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. An annex was completed in 1989, and the building was designated a “landmark building exterior” on October 23 of that year.</p><br>
<p>On the fifth floor of the building, there is a 3,000 square foot area called the Green Roof. It was completed in 2003, and contains a garden with 2,800 plants from 31 species.</p><br>
<h3>City Hall East</h3><br>
<p>Between 1990 and 2010 some city hall services had been available at City Hall East, located on Ponce de Leon Avenue in the Old Fourth Ward neighborhood, northeast of downtown. The building formerly belonged to Sears. The city of Atlanta sold the building in June 2011 to Jamestown, a developer, which agreed to pay $27 million for the property. It was renamed Ponce City Market.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Normandie Hotel is a historic building located in the Isleta de San Juan, in San Juan, Puerto Rico which opened on October 10, 1942 as a hotel. Its design was inspired by the French transatlantic passenger ship SS Normandie in addition to featuring the same Art Deco design as the ocean liner that inspired it, and the hotel&#39;s original roof sign was one of the two signs that adorned the top deck of the SS Normandie but were removed from it during an early refitting. It is an example of what came to be known as the Streamline Moderne architecture style.</p><br>
<p>the building was vacant and not in operation and in 2022, was sold to private owners who said they plan to renovate it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Normandie Hotel was the brainchild of Puerto Rican engineer Félix Benítez Rexach. He married the French singer in 1927 or 1928; reportedly, he built the hotel as a wedding present for his bride. He served as the president of the Escambron Development Company, which was incorporated in approximately 1943 to issue bonds to finance the completion of the hotel. Escambron owned and operated the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was designed by architect Raúl Reichard (1908–1996) and construction began in 1938. The hotels exterior was designed to resemble the famed luxury ocean liner, elongated and curved in front and back, with porthole-shaped lights on the facade of the 6th floor, as well as on the front on all floors except the front entrance and 2nd floor. Inside, the hotel features art deco design, complete with Roman, Egyptian, and French details, high ceilings, corridors looking down into a central skylighted atrium, banisters that resemble those on ships on the edges of all floors except the lobby, a pool outside in the back shaped similarly to the hotels, and had blue or orange awnings above the windows on the upper floors until the hotel closed in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Designers and artists from Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, France, and Spain all contributed to the hotels overall construction. When it opened on October 10, 1942, it became an instant sensation among the islands social elite. Completed at a cost of more than US$2,000,000, the hotel catered to many major Hollywood and Latin American film stars such as Cantinflas, Libertad Lamarque and Jorge Negrete. The hotel also served as a performing arts venue for many of Puerto Rico&#39;s top entertainers, such as Ruth Fernández, Myrta Silva, Sylvia Rexach, and Carmen Delia Dipini.</p><br>
<p>The coastline of Puerto Rico was expropriated by the federal government for defense during World War II, including the hotel, and Benítez Rexach, who had moved to the Dominican Republic in 1944, reportedly protested by refusing to pay his property taxes. After being closed and abandoned in the 1970s, the hotel was restored in the early 1990s. Afterwards, it underwent massive renovations due to heavy damage caused by Hurricane Georges in 1998. After storm-related damages were repaired, the hotel remained in business until 2004, when another renovation project commenced. In early 2005, the 173-room hotel reopened after its refurbishing and would operate as a Boutique Hotel for 4 years, before closing again by late 2010, since then the hotel has remained unused and vacant for over a decade.</p><br>
<p>The Normandie Hotel was purchased on August 8, 2013, by Ben Medetsky and Jack Polatsek of Interra Capital Group for nearly US$4,000,000 but after initial plans for redevelopment of the hotel, the group decided to sell it. In 2015, the owners removed the hotels historic roof sign in order to protect and preserve it, and only the structure that held up the letters of the sign remains. Although various groups of investors attempted to purchase the property in 2014, then in the spring of 2017 and again in the spring of 2018, it wasnt actually sold until January 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The Normandie Hotel was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Professional boxer Hector Camacho was the victim of a hidden-camera joke consisting of someone pretending to steal one of his cars while he was at the Normandie Hotel training for one of his fights early in the 1990s, for an Hector Marcano television show named "Marcano... el show".</p><br>
<p>The 2001 music video for singer Sade Adu&#39;s song "King of Sorrow" (from her Lovers Rock album) was filmed in and around the hotel by director Sophie Muller.</p><br>
<p>The hotel served as a locale for one of the four stories that helped compose the storyline for the 2001 film 12 Horas directed by Puerto Rican director Raúl Marchand Sánchez.</p><br>
<p>The lobby of the hotel was used to shoot scenes from the 2009 film A Perfect Getaway.</p><br>
<p>Potomac is an extinct incorporated town formerly located in Arlington County, Virginia . Today the dissolved town&#39;s former territory is located within the City of Alexandria after municipal annexation in 1930. As a planned community, its proximity to Washington D.C. made it a popular place for employees of the USA government to live. Potomac was located adjacent to the massive Potomac Yard of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was developed beginning in 1894 as the communities of Del Ray, St. Elmo, Mt. Ida, and Hume, following a grid plan independent of that of Old Town Alexandria. Potomac was incorporated as a town in 1908. In 1928, the town had 2,355 residents.</p><br>
<p>The Town of Potomac was annexed by the independent city of Alexandria in 1930. Today, the Town of Potomac Historic District in Alexandria designates this historic portion of the city, and includes 1,840 acre and 690 buildings. The Town of Potomac was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>As of 2016, the United States Postal Service still recognizes "Potomac, VA" as an acceptable alternate address for ZIP code 22301, although "Alexandria, VA" is preferred.</p><br>
<p>Butchertown is a neighborhood just east of downtown Louisville, Kentucky, United States, bounded by I-65, Main Street, I-71, Beargrass Creek and Mellwood Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Butchertown Historic District is a 50 acre part which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It includes the 1914-built Beaux Arts Stockyard Exchange Building designed by D.X. Murphy and Brother.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first homes in the area were laid out in the 1820s along the newly completed Louisville to Lexington turnpike, referred to in that stretch as Story Avenue. Two of the first landowners in the area, Whig Party loyalist George Buchanan and Isaac Stewart, had the new community&#39;s streets named after major Whig Party members, such as John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. In the 1850s Beargrass Creek was rerouted away from what is now downtown Louisville and through the area, making it an ideal area for butchers and stockyards because the animal remains could be dumped in the creek and such businesses were banned in the downtown area for sanitation reasons. The population swelled as waves of German immigrants entered the area. Bourbon Stockyards, built in 1836, was the first stockyard to locate in Butchertown. A bank is in portions of the original building.</p><br>
<p>Due to the high German population, and resentment of them by supporters of the Know Nothing party, Butchertown was where the "Bloody Monday" riots of August 1855 began as Know Nothings tried to prevent Germans and Irish from voting in an election. The riots killed 22 people.</p><br>
<p>For the first 100 years of its existence, Butchertown was a thriving residential and industrial area, though other Louisville neighborhoods regarded it as a haven for drunkards and brawlers. However, the area began declining after the great Ohio River flood of 1937 destroyed many of the homes there. Many other homes were demolished for the construction of the Ohio River flood wall, the construction of interstates and the Kennedy Interchange ("Spaghetti Junction") through the area, and the expansion of industrial land into formerly residential areas. Suburbanization continued to bring the residential areas into decline, until the few remaining residents began lobbying for rezoning (the entire area was zoned as industrial), and fixing up vacant and underrepaired houses.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1990s, the area has attracted many young professionals. In recent years, the east Market Street area of downtown Louisville has seen a great deal of revitalization, including the expansion of Waterfront Park, Louisville Slugger Field, and the conversion of empty store fronts into new condominiums. This has helped spur further improvements in Butchertown itself, as many new antique shops and art galleries have opened off the Market Street corridor.</p><br>
<p>In the 2000s, there were plans as part of the Ohio River Bridges Project to move the Kennedy Interchange further south when it was to be reconfigured by 2018, meaning that more buildings in Butchertown would be razed. However, these plans were scrapped in favor of reconfiguring the interchange in its existing location. Furthermore, the project included a second interstate bridge just east of the John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge that opened as the Abraham Lincoln Bridge on December 6, 2015. The necessity of flyover ramps for the new bridge led to the demolishing of about one-third of Butchertown&#39;s David Armstrong Extreme Park, along with a rebuild of facilities on an adjacent property.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of 2000, the population of Butchertown was 975, of which Whites were 82.8%, Blacks were 7.2%, Hispanics were 5.3%, and other races were 4.7%. Males of all races were 60.1% of the population, while females were 39.9%.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Butchertown contains several attractions, including the David Armstrong Extreme Park and Thomas Edison House, a shotgun house near where Thomas Edison lived in 1866 on Washington Street. It also contains the remaining front façade of the former early 19th century Heigold House, which features a detailed sketch of important early Whig Party leaders, displays the words "dedicated the greatest man in history, George Washington" etched across its front; the rest of the Fulton Street house has been razed. Lynn Family Stadium, a soccer stadium opened in 2020 home to Louisville City FC and Racing Louisville FC, is located in Butchertown.</p><br>
<p>Butchertown is also known for its emergence of more modern shops, restaurants, and destination spots. Located on E. Washington Street is Copper & Kings, a brandy and absinthe distillery that offers daily tours and various community events. It is also home to an LGBT night club and a variety of newer eateries.</p><br>
<p>Clifton is a neighborhood east of downtown Louisville, Kentucky USA. Clifton was named because of its hilly location on the Ohio River valley escarpment. Clifton is bounded by I-64, N Ewing Ave, Brownsboro Road, and Mellwood Ave.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Unlike other Louisville neighborhoods, Clifton was developed over a period of 60 years, with the first homes built in the 1860s sitting next to homes built in the 1910s, although nearly all homes were built in Victorian styles. Its residential areas are also much less dense than other nearby areas like Butchertown or the Original Highlands. The Louisville and Lexington toll pike, which is now called Frankfort Avenue, went through the heart of the area and was lined with small shops.</p><br>
<p>The area began to revitalize in the 1990s, as numerous restaurants, boutiques, and antique shops opened up along Frankfort Avenue. Area attractions include the Kentucky School for the Blind and the American Printing House for the Blind.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of 2000, the population of Clifton was 2,469 , of which whites are 87.2%, blacks are 8.1%, people listed as other are 2.2%, and Hispanics are 2%. College graduates are 32.1% of the population, people without a high school degree are 22%. Females outnumber males 53.1% to 46.9%.</p><br>
<p>Peacefield, also called Peace field or Old House, is a historic home formerly owned by the Adams family of Quincy, Massachusetts. It was the home of United States Founding Father and USA president John Adams and First Lady Abigail Adams, and of USA president John Quincy Adams and his First Lady, Louisa Adams. It is now part of the Adams National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Library requested by John Quincy Adams is directly next door. It was built by John Quincy&#39;s son Charles, a Peacefield resident, after the deaths of the two presidents.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Peacefield was the home and farm of John Adams and his wife, Abigail Smith Adams. Later, it was also the home of John Quincy Adams, his wife Louisa Catherine Adams, their son Charles Francis Adams, and Charles&#39; sons, historians Henry Adams and Brooks Adams.</p><br>
<h3>Vassall era</h3><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house was built in 1731 as a summer house for Leonard Vassall (1678-1737), wealthy owner of slave-labor sugar plantations in Luana, New Savannah, and Green River, Jamaica. The two-and-a-half story frame house had a gambrel roof and separate kitchens with quarters for enslaved servants. Vassall&#39;s will names two of those enslaved on the property: Pompey and his wife Fidelia.</p><br>
<p>By Vassall&#39;s death in 1737, the estate in what was then Braintree included 60 acres of orchards, meadows, woodland, and farmland. The property passed to his second wife, Phebe Penhallow, who left it to their daughter, Anna Vassall Borland. A Loyalist, Borland leased the property during the Revolution. She reclaimed title in 1783 and sold it to her son, Leonard Vassall Borland (1759-1801). In 1787, he sold the estate for £600 to Boston agents acting for John Adams, then in England as the USA Minister to the United Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The Adamses returned in 1788 to occupy the house, farmland, and orchards. They were disagreeably surprised by the house, however, after their years in England. To Abigail Adams, it resembled a wrens nest with all the comfort of a barracks.&#39;" They would call it "Old House."</p><br>
<h3>Adams family</h3><br>
<p>During the subsequent 12 years, with Adams resident in Philadelphia first as vice president and then as president, Abigail Adams attended to the house and farm. She greatly expanded it, adding what is now the right side of the front facade, with a fine hallway and large parlor on the ground floor and a large study above. The additions were built in the Georgian style with a gambrel roof creating a nearly full attic story. Adams returned to the house full-time in 1801 after his defeat for a second presidential term. His son John Quincy Adams also returned to the house at that time, after completing his ambassadorial term in Berlin. Further extensions to the house were made by his son, Charles Francis Adams.</p><br>
<h3>National Park Service</h3><br>
<p>Brooks Adams, Charles Francis&#39; youngest son, was the last member of the family to live at Peacefield. Upon his death in 1927, the house became a museum run by the Adams Memorial Society, until it was incorporated into the National Park Service in 1946.</p><br>
<p>The park later acquired nearby sites including the John Adams Birthplace and John Quincy Adams Birthplace, which together with the visitor center constitute Adams National Historical Park. United First Parish Church, where both presidents and their wives are buried, is nearby but not part of the park.</p><br>
<p>The family and the home are intertwined with the political and intellectual history of the birth of the American nation. Two older and smaller houses are located on the property, as well as the 1870 Gothic Revival Stone Library, which houses 14,000 volumes owned by John Quincy Adams. The property contains a historic orchard of heirloom apples, and formal 18th-century flower gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Furnishings</h2><br>
<p>The house contains a variety of valuable furnishings and artifacts which belonged to the four generations of the family that lived there. Former park superintendent Wilhelmina Harris compiled a furnishings report, an inventory of all the artifacts in the house. Notable furnishings include John Adams law desk and John and Abigail Adams bed.</p><br>
<h2>Library</h2><br>
<p>The stone library is a separate structure on the Peacefield grounds. The library was built in 1870 by Charles Francis Adams following the wishes of his father John Quincy, who had wanted to protect his books from "accidental conflagration." The library contains a large variety of books belonging to various members of the family, the largest portion belonging to John Quincy Adams. Notable books in the library include the Mendi Bible, a gift to John Quincy Adams after the Amistad case, and an early edition of the Book of Mormon given to Charles Francis Adams by Joseph Smith himself.</p><br>
<p>The library is built out of Quincy Granite. The city of Quincy is historically known for granite quarries.</p><br>
<p>In November 1996, a robber broke into the library and stole several valuable artifacts including the Mendi Bible, two other bibles, and a text on fish. The artifacts were later discovered in a gym locker in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The property was originally a large farmland, much of which was sold by later generations who were no longer interested in farming. The Park now maintains a decorative garden which is largely restored to its appearance in the 1880s in Charles Francis Adams&#39;s era. The park grounds include the historic apple orchard behind the house, a greenhouse, and a carriage house that was used to house horses and carriages and contained an apartment for the coachman or other male servants.</p><br>
<p>Varina Farms, also known as Varina Plantation or Varina Farms Plantation or Varina on the James, is a plantation established in the 17th century on the James River about 10 mi south of Richmond, Virginia.---&gt</p><br>
<p>It was established 50 mi from the first settlement at Jamestown in the Virginia Colony, and across the river from Henricus, established by Thomas Dale in 1611. Varina Farm, as it is now called, was still a working, privately owned farm in 1977. In 2024, the county government of Henrico purchased the site for historic and environmental preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two-story residence, built in 1853, is a common-bond brick structure, which has a kitchen at the east side of the dwelling, separated by a long hyphen. It faces the James River, and the river-side of the house has French doors that open to the outdoors. There are five bays and the second floor has six-over-six sash and wooden sills and lintels. An Ionic porch runs the river side of the house and a portion of the west end of the house. The porch is dated to 1941 when the porch was rebuilt due to a tornado in 1941. Following a storm in 1911, the original low hipped roof was replaced with a high hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>Varina Farms covers 2,200 acres. Of that, the plantation—the historic portion of the farm that was nominated at the National Register of Historic Places—encompasses 820 acres. The farm has historic buildings, including a -story antebellum brick barn and sheds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>John Rolfe and Pocahontas</h3><br>
<p>In 1612, English colonist John Rolfe introduced the cultivation of a special strain of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in Jamestown for export to England, which was much better-liked by the Europeans than a harsher form which grew naturally in Virginia. As his tobacco became a cash crop for the struggling colonys economy, about 1615 he established a plantation estate 50 mi from the first settlement at Jamestown. He called his plantation Varina or Verinas, for the Spanish tobacco that was called Verinas. Varina plantation was established across the river from Sir Thomas Dales 1611 settlement at the progressive community in Henricus.</p><br>
<p>The plantation became the home of Rolfe and his second wife, Rebecca (Pocahontas) whose father was the Powhatan tribes leader for two years following their marriage in 1614 in Jamestown and then established their residence at Varina. In 1616, Rolfe, his wife, and son traveled to London. While they were abroad, Pocahontas died on March 21, 1617, and was buried at St Georges Church, Gravesend in Kent, England. Rolfe returned to Varina and ran it until 1622, when he is presumed to have died during the Indian massacre of 1622, in which 347 people outside of Jamestown died. Rolfe may have died due to sickness.</p><br>
<h3>Varina settlement</h3><br>
<p>After the massacre, Henricus was no longer a settlement and the village of Varina was established on the Varina plantation. Varina covered an area of 18 by 25 miles, but it later became known as Henrico. After that, Varina was generally referred to the plantation. It became the county seat of Henrico. A courthouse was built there. Much of Varina Plantation was incorporated into the glebe lands of Henrico Parish. By 1640, church, courthouse, and other buildings were built either on the Varina plantation or in the settlement of Varina, but their location is unknown. In the mid-1600s, Varina was split. Part of it remained with the Rolfe family and ultimately was owned by the great-grandson of John Rolfe, Col. John Bolling (1676-1729), the son of Jane Rolfe and Colonel Robert Bolling. Nathaniel Bacon acquired another tract.</p><br>
<h3>Plantation owners</h3><br>
<p>Most of the plantation property was bought by the Randolph family of Virginia. by Aikens son, Albert M. Aiken. By the Civil War (1861–1865), the plantation was called Aikens Landing, and it was a place where prisoners of war were exchanged.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>It was one of the two major Southern places for prisoner exchange. On August 3, 1862, 6,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were exchanged there. Union General Benjamin Butler and his troops engaged in a battle in 1864 that caused damage at the plantation and the area. The plantation house was hit by cannonballs and bullets, the evidence of which is found on the west wall of the house. A pontoon bridge was built by Union troops upstream of the house so that they could cross the river on their way to Richmond. Butler took over the plantation for his official headquarters and the house and cabin housed his staff. During that time, Butler, nicknamed "Dutch", led the effort to dig the Dutch Gap canal. Varina is located near a site of the (multi-site) Richmond National Battlefield Park.</p><br>
<h3>Post-war</h3><br>
<p>In 1876, James H. Caldwell purchased the house from Aiken family members. Several other people owned the house before it was bought in 1910 by the Stoneman family. In 1977, it was owned by Wilmer N. Stoneman, Jr. who operated the farm using modern agricultural practices. In the late 1980s the construction of the Varina-Enon Bridge a cable-stayed bridge which carries Interstate 295 across the James River near between Henrico County near Richmond and Chesterfield County bisected the property. It opened to traffic in July 1990.</p><br>
<p>In 2023 and 2024, the Henrico County Board of Supervisors made agreements to purchase the site for historic and environmental preservation. With a total expenditure of $18.55 million, the purchase was the largest investment in land preservation in the county&#39;s history.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission has conducted surface investigations of Varina and have found evidence of prehistoric activity on the property, as well as artifacts from the 17th and 18th centuries. There is evidence of a colonial structure about 650 feet northeast of the main house, which was found during an archaeological study. There are other 17th and early 18th century buildings that may have been on the Varina plantation land, including, the Varina Church, the glebe house, the first Henrico County courthouse, a terminus for a ferry across the James River, and Cocke&#39;s Ordinary.</p><br>
<p>Seven Pines National Cemetery is a national cemetery located in the Seven Pines area of the unincorporated town of Sandston in Henrico County, Virginia. Although cemetery records state the name is derived from for a group of seven pine trees planted within the national cemetery in 1869 near the intersection of the old Williamsburg-Richmond Stage Road and the Nine Mile Road, the name Seven Pines pre-dates the establishment of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The National Cemetery was established in 1866. Most of the interments are of Union soldiers that were originally hastily buried on the Seven Pines battlefield in makeshift graves. The cemeterys 1.9 acre are located near the center of General George B. McClellans second and main defense line of the May 31, 1862. To help facilitate visitation, an electric street railway was built to the site by a company formed in 1888. The railway has long since been removed and most visitors now park in the cemeterys driveway next to the caretakers lodge.</p><br>
<p>Seven Pines National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Montezuma Castle is a 90,000 ft&sup2, 400 room Queen Anne style hotel building erected just northwest of the city of Las Vegas, New Mexico in 1886 . The current castle is actually the third on the site, the first two  were the first buildings in New Mexico to have electric lighting, and they both burned down.</p><br>
<h2>History as hotel</h2><br>
<p>The castle was the third hotel constructed by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad in Montezuma as a luxury hotel, capitalizing on the natural hot springs on the site. These were widely thought to ease the suffering of people with tuberculosis, "chronic rheumatism, gout, biliary, and renal calculi." The nearby Gallinas Creek also provided excellent trout fishing.</p><br>
<p>Guests included Theodore Roosevelt, Rutherford B. Hayes, John C. Frémont, and Jesse James (who stayed at a predecessor hotel on the same property). Later articles would cite an improbable array of foreign dignitaries as having been guests, including Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Emperor Hirohito of Japan. However, some members of European royal families certainly did visit, including Henry Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland, John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, and his wife, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll. "The visitors to the Hot Springs represent every part of the continent of America, and nearly every tourist from abroad who crosses the continent by the southerly route stops there for a time."</p><br>
<p>In addition to the natural recreation available in Montezuma, the hotel provided bowling alleys and billiard rooms. The building was designed and construction was overseen by the Chicago architecture firm Burnham and Root.</p><br>
<p>It operated as a hotel until October 31, 1903, when the railroad deemed it unprofitable. The building was used as a training center by Jim Flynn when he was preparing for his 1912 boxing match with Jack Johnson (the fight was held in nearby Las Vegas, New Mexico). The complex was briefly owned by the YMCA, then operated as a Baptist college from 1922 until 1931. The Southern Baptist Church sold it to the Catholic Church in 1937, and it was operated as a seminary for Mexican Jesuits until 1972. The building then sat empty for a decade and was subject to significant vandalism and decay. The Jesuits made a little money renting the building out as the set for the low budget horror movie The Evil in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>United World College</h2><br>
<p>In 1981, the castle and the surrounding 100 acres were purchased by industrialist and philanthropist Armand Hammer for use as a United World College. However, the building required extensive repairs before it could be used as a new college facility. Unfortunately, funds were unavailable at the time to make these repairs possible. However, in 1997, it was placed on the list of Americas Most Endangered Historic Places by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, along with landmarks like Ellis Island. In 2000 and 2001, the school invested over $10.5 million into restoring the building, and it has won awards as one of the great historical restorations in the United States. It is also the first historic property west of the Mississippi to be designated one of "Americas Treasures" by the White House Millennium Council.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Montezuma Castle, or Davis International Center as it is now known, houses multiple college facilities including the school dining hall, guest and dorm rooms, offices, classrooms, rehearsal spaces, and a student center complete with a store, laundry rooms, pool tables, a dance space, and a kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The building is not open to the public except when the Armand Hammer United World College, also known as UWC-USA, offers student-led tours of the building on pre-scheduled dates. A list of these dates can be found on the college&#39;s website.</p><br>
<p>The Beverly Wilshire, A Four Seasons Hotel, commonly known as the Beverly Wilshire Hotel, is a historic luxury hotel in Beverly Hills, California. Located at the intersection of Wilshire Boulevard and Rodeo Drive, it was completed in 1928. It has been used as a shooting location for films and television series.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was constructed by real estate developer Walter G. McCarty on the site of the former Beverly Hills Speedway. It was completed in 1928 (when the city had fewer than 18,000 residents), and was then known as the "Beverly Wilshire Apartment Hotel". The E-shaped structure is built of a Tuscan stone and Carrara marble in the Italian Renaissance architecture style.</p><br>
<p>Renamed the Beverly Wilshire Hotel by new owners, it was renovated with a ballroom in the 1940s by architect Paul Revere Williams to accommodate the popular big bands of the day. An Olympic-sized swimming pool was built and championship tennis courts were added, with tennis champion Pancho Gonzalez as tennis director.</p><br>
<p>The hotel changed hands in 1958 and again in 1961, when it was purchased by a group of investors headed by Hernando Courtright. The hotel was branded as Hernando Courtright&#39;s Beverly Wilshire Hotel. Courtright added a new tower wing in 1971, doubling the size of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Hong Kong-based Regent International Hotels bought the 395-room luxury hotel in 1985 for $125 million, and renovated it at a further cost of $100 million, renaming it The Regent Beverly Wilshire. In 1992, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts bought Regent International Hotels, and the hotel became The Regent Beverly Wilshire, a Four Seasons Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was sold to Hong Kong-based private equity firm Joint Treasure International in 1995. In 1996, a consortium led by Lai Sun acquired the property. In 2006, the hotel was again renamed following a renovation, dropping the Regent affiliation and becoming Beverly Wilshire, A Four Seasons Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Notable guests and events</h2><br>
<p>On Saturday, October 9, 1937, F. Scott Fitzgerald lunched at the Beverly Wilshire with Ginevra King, whom he&#39;d known when they were both young and who is held to have been a model for Daisy Buchanan, in his The Great Gatsby.</p><br>
<p>During a tour in 1940, the Beverly Wilshire was the only major Los Angeles hotel willing to accommodate Paul Robeson due to his race, at an exorbitant rate and providing he registered under an assumed name, and he therefore spent two hours every afternoon sitting in the lobby, where he was widely recognised, "to ensure that the next time Black come through, they&#39;ll have a place to stay." Los Angeles hotels lifted their restrictions on black guests soon afterwards.</p><br>
<p>On November 18, 1966, Sandy Koufax, star pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers, announced his sudden retirement from baseball at the age of 30 due to his ailing arm in a press conference at the Beverly Wilshire.</p><br>
<p>Elvis Presley and later Warren Beatty spent a number of years in the hotel. It was also the home of John Lennon, when he was separated for several months from his wife Yoko Ono.</p><br>
<p>The American socialite and Woolworth department store heiress Barbara Hutton spent her last years in near poverty and poor health in the hotel and died there in May 1979.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the Beverly Wilshire was the primary setting for the movie Pretty Woman, though most interior scenes were actually shot at the defunct Ambassador Hotel nearby. It also became a common filming location for HBO&#39;s Entourage television series, with cast and crew filming there at least three times per season when it was produced from 2004 until 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Tremont Street subway in Bostons MBTA subway system is the oldest subway tunnel in North America and the third-oldest still in use worldwide to exclusively use electric traction , opening on September 1, 1897. It was originally built, under the supervision of Howard A. Carson as chief engineer, to get streetcar lines off the traffic-clogged streets, instead of as a true rapid transit line. It now forms the central part of the Green Line, connecting Boylston Street to Park Street and Government Center stations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tunnel originally served five closely spaced stations: Boylston, Park Street, Scollay Square, Adams Square, and Haymarket, with branches to the Public Garden portal and Pleasant Street incline south of Boylston. Park Street, Scollay Square, and Haymarket stations were altered over the next two decades as transfers were added to the Cambridge–Dorchester subway, East Boston Tunnel, and Main Line Elevated (now part of the Red, Blue, and Orange Lines, respectively).</p><br>
<p>Boylston and Park Street were built with rectangular stone headhouses designed by Edmund M. Wheelwright that did not aesthetically match the Common. Scollay Square and Adams Square had similar baroque headhouses with four-sided clock towers. Unlike the interior decor, the headhouses were sharply criticized as "resembling mausoleums" and "pretentiously monumental". Later stations on the East Boston Tunnel and Washington Street Tunnel incorporated this criticism into their more modest headhouses.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the northern part of the tunnel was extensively altered during the construction of Government Center and a new Boston City Hall on what had been the neighborhood of Scollay Square. The northbound tunnel to Haymarket station was rerouted to the west (the southbound tunnel is still original). Scollay Square station was rebuilt as Government Center station, and Adams Square station was closed. Much of the old northbound tunnel was filled in to support the City Hall foundation; another section was turned into a delivery tunnel. Another section was rediscovered by a City Hall employee in 1983; a 150 feet piece was renovated for use as records storage.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the original Haymarket station was replaced with a new station just to the south.</p><br>
<h3>Disused southern tunnel branch</h3><br>
<p>The subway in 1897 consisted of a main line under Tremont Street running to Park Street, where is splits into two forks. One fork connects to the Boylston Street subway, which turns westward under Boylston Street. The other fork continues south under Tremont Street to the Pleasant Street incline. This portal was used by streetcars that went southwest to Egleston via the South End, along Tremont Street (route 43), or southeast to City Point in South Boston via Broadway (route 9). Streetcar service through the southern portal ended in 1962; for the last several months, service consisted of a shuttle between the portal and Boylston station. The tunnel still exists, dead-ended at the now-buried portal, which has been converted to a public park. However, there have been proposals for the disused tunnel to become part of a new streetcar line that would partly replace access to rapid transit for southern Metro Boston neighborhoods that lost rapid transit service in 1987 with the demolition of the Washington Street Elevated southern section of the Orange Line. This proposed new streetcar service could go as far south as the Red Line&#39;s Mattapan station, with a northern turnaround terminus at Government Center, according to a 2012-dated proposal.</p><br>
<h2>Portals</h2><br>
<p>The three original tunnel entrances were in the Boston Public Garden, at North Station/Canal Street, and at Pleasant Street. Over time, these portals were replaced and abandoned as the subway was extended. Vestiges of various closed portals are still visible inside the main Green Line&#39;s Boylston Street subway tunnel extending west of Boylston station towards Kenmore Square station.</p><br>
<p>The western Public Garden portal was replaced in 1914 with two portals, one in the middle of Boylston Street adjacent to the old portal, and the other at the west end of the Boylston Street subway, just east of Kenmore Square. The Boylston Street portal was sealed in 1941 when the Huntington Avenue subway was opened (with a new portal at Northeastern University). The portal at Kenmore Square was replaced in 1932 when the subway was extended west beyond the Square, to the existing portals on Commonwealth Avenue (the "B" branch) and Beacon Street (the "C" branch), although the top arch of the original portal survives as part of a ventilation shaft. The Fenway portal for the D branch was opened in 1959.</p><br>
<p>The northern portal at Canal Street was replaced in 2004 when the subway was extended beneath North Station to a new portal next to Martha Road.</p><br>
<p>The southern portal at Pleasant Street was abandoned in 1962 following the end of streetcar service through the South End. The portal has since been sealed up and covered by Elliot Norton Park, but the dead-ended tunnel to Boylston survives underground, for a possibility of future re-use (see above).</p><br>
<h2>Power</h2><br>
<p>The subway uses trolleys powered by electricity from overhead lines, which had been made possible by the invention of the trolley pole in 1880 by Frank J. Sprague, from his design for the Richmond Union Passenger Railway. The line has been pantograph-only since the trolley wires were modified in the 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status and ownership</h2><br>
<p>The Tremont Street subway was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition for its pioneering role in the development of the subway as a public transit system in the United States. The landmark designation encompasses the still-extant portions of the early tunnel, roughly from Court Street to Charles Street, and includes the original Classical Revival head houses of the Park and Boylston stations which are still in use.</p><br>
<p>The original owner of the Tremont Street subway was the private West End Street Railway, later the Boston Elevated Railway. Public ownership began in 1947 with the Metropolitan Transit Authority, now the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Robinson Gardens are the period landscape, historic mansion, and botanical gardens located at the Virginia Robinson Estate  in Beverly Hills, California, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Robinson Gardens is the earliest estate in Beverly Hills, California. It was the private residence of Virginia Dryden Robinson and Harry Winchester Robinson, heir to J. W. Robinson&#39;s Dept. Store.</p><br>
<p>The main house was designed in 1911 by architect Nathaniel Dryden, who was Virginia&#39;s father, in a Beaux Arts style. The residence is furnished with antiques and artifacts collected from around the world.</p><br>
<p>The Renaissance Revival pool pavilion was built in 1924. Decorative panels of sgraffito ornamentation adorn the Roman arches at the entry to the pavilion&#39;s solarium. The pavilion overlooks a long pool with mosaic tile wainscoting.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Robinson Gardens range in style and plant type from Italian Renaissance Mediterranean to Tropical Oceanea. The estate has five distinctive gardens:</p><br>
<p>The Italian Renaissance Terrace Garden, with views of mature specimen trees and the Citrus Terraces. Planted under large magnolia trees are a variety of camellias, gardenias, and azaleas.</p><br>
<p>The Formal Mall Garden, with perennial flower borders and rare specimen cycad palms.</p><br>
<p>The Rose Garden, with heirloom roses.</p><br>
<p>The Kitchen Garden or Potager, with vegetables and an herb garden.</p><br>
<p>The Tropical Palm Garden, including a grove of king palms (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), reportedly the largest in the continental United States. The tropical area also contains gingers, bananas, and plumerias.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Robinson Gardens are managed by the County of Los Angeles and open to the public for docent tours by advanced reservation only. The Friends of Virginia Robinson Gardens support this landmark. It was listed in 1978 on the National Register of Historic Places.Additionally, it holds the status of a California Point of Historical Interest, and is included on the City of Beverly Hills Local Register of Historic Properties.</p><br>
<p>The San Antonio Japanese Tea Garden, or Sunken Gardens in Brackenridge Park, San Antonio, Texas, opened in an abandoned limestone rock quarry in the early 20th century. It was known also as Chinese Tea Gardens, Chinese Tea Garden Gate, Chinese Sunken Garden Gate and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is located on the northwestern edge of Brackenridge Park, near the San Antonio Zoo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The San Antonio Japanese Tea Garden (also known as the Sunken Gardens) in the USA state of Texas was developed on land donated to the city in 1899 by George Washington Brackenridge, president of the San Antonio Water Works Company. The ground was first broken around 1840 by German masons, who used the readily accessible limestone to supply the construction market. Many San Antonio buildings, including the Menger Hotel, were built with the stone from this quarry on the Rock Quarry Road.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 the Alamo Cement Company was incorporated and produced cement for 26 years in the kiln, the chimney of which still stands today. Supporting the workforce of the quarry was a small "village", populated primarily by Americans who worked the site. They and their families became popular with tourists, who purchased pottery, hand woven baskets, and food.</p><br>
<p>About 1917, City Parks Commissioner Ray Lambert visualized an oriental-style garden in the pit of the quarry. His engineer, W.S. Delery, developed plans, and work began when several donors paid for it. In 1918 Lambert used prison labor to shape the quarry into a complex that included walkways, stone arch bridges, an island and a Japanese pagoda.</p><br>
<p>At the entrance to the garden, Mexican-born artist Dionicio Rodriguez (1891-1955) replicated a Japanese Torii gate in his unique style of concrete construction that imitated wood. In 1919, at the city&#39;s invitation, Kimi Eizo Jingu, a local Japanese-American artist, moved to the garden. In 1926, they opened the Bamboo Room, where light lunches and tea were sold. Kimi and Miyoshi Jingu maintained the garden, lived in the park, and raised eight children. Kimi was a representative of the Shizuoka Tea Association and was considered an expert in the tea business nationally. He died in 1938, and in 1941 the family was evicted with the rise of anti-Japanese sentiment of World War II.</p><br>
<p>The garden was renamed the Chinese Tea Garden, to prevent the razing and vandalism of the tea garden during World War II, as many other cities Japanese tea gardens were being vandalized. A Chinese-American family, Ted and Ester Wu, opened a snack bar in the pagoda until the early 1960s. In 1984, under the direction of Mayor Henry Cisneros, the city restored the original “Japanese Tea Garden” designation in a ceremony attended by Jingus children and representatives of the Japanese government.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>For years the garden sat in neglect and disrepair, becoming a target of graffiti and vandalism. Due to limited funding, the city threatened to close the garden, but the community and parks supporters rallied and lobbied to keep it open.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the city used about $550,000 in bond money to reroof the pagoda-like Pavilion and the Jingu House.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, former Councilwoman Bonnie Conner, vice chairwoman of parks projects for the San Antonio Parks Foundation and former Mayor Lila Cockrell, Parks Foundation president, began a $1.6 million restoration campaign to restore the ponds and waterfall in conjunction with the City of San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>For the public re-opening on March 8, 2008, Jingu family members returned to San Antonio. Mabel Yoshiko Jingu Enkoji, the sixth child of Kimi and Miyoshi Jingu, who was born at the Garden, was the senior Jingu family member at the event.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the San Antonio Parks Foundation and the City of San Antonio began work on the $1 million restoration of the historic Jingu house. Work was completed in October 2011. The building is now a Fresh Horizons Creative Catering restaurant, serving light lunches as the Jingu family did in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>In recognition of the Tea Garden&#39;s origin as a rock quarry that played a prominent role in the development of the cement business, as well as its later redevelopment as a garden, the site is designated a Texas Civil Engineering Landmark, a Registered Texas Historic Landmark, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Sunken Garden amphitheater is located to the south. It comprises 879 permanently installed seats and has the option of adding folding chairs for a total general admittance of 2,700. The general admittance (standing room) to the fenced grounds of the theater is 4,800 spectators. The Parks and Recreation Department&#39;s Cultural Program assumed management of the theater in the early 1970s. In early 1984, a $320,000 renovation of the theater was completed.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Lee Hall or Lee Hall Mansion is a historic brick plantation house that was built during the period from 1848 to 1859. The community of Lee Hall, Virginia is named for it. The house and village are located near the junction of USA 60 and VA 238, in Newport News, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The current 12.29 acre property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The listed property includes two contributing buildings: The Main House (open to the public) and the former Kitchen (closed to public, used as staff offices).</p><br>
<p>The house as well as the nearby community of Lee Hall were named for Richard Decatur Lee the original owner and builder of Lee Hall Mansion. Lee was a prominent local planter. Despite having the same last name as Virginia native and Confederate general Robert E. Lee, a direct lineage to General Lee cannot be traced. Lee Hall Mansion was used as headquarters for Confederate generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Magruder during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War in 1862. Nearby is Endview Plantation, a 238-year-old house. Endview was used as a hospital during the Civil War and as a campground during the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Endview Plantation  is an 18th-century plantation, including a park and historic home now operated by the independent city of Newport News, Virginia, located on Virginia State Route 238 in the Lee Hall community.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Earlier known as the Harwood Plantation, the house was built in 1769 by William Harwood along the Great Warwick Road, which linked the colonial capital of Williamsburg with the town of Hampton (the county seat of what was then Elizabeth City County) and the great natural harbor of Hampton Roads. shortly before the surrender of the British troops under Lord Cornwallis. Harwood served many terms in the House of Burgesses representing what was then known as Warwick County, as had his father William Harwood, and he also served as its representative in the Virginia Revolutionary Conventions, and the Virginia House of Delegates as would his second son Edward Harwood. However, the devastations of war and poor farming practices led to Warwick Countys depopulation after the conflict (as Harwoods eldest son William took his family and one of his sisters to what became Shelbyville, Kentucky), and reduced political activity by Harwood family members.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Humphrey Harwood Curtis, Jr. acquired the property before the American Civil War and was one of two doctors in Warwick County. In 1861, he organized a volunteer infantry company of 80 members known as the Warwick Beauregards to protect local interests, and served as its captain. That unit ultimately saw action in 13 battles of that war as part of the 32nd Virginia Infantry Regiment. Also a slaveowner, he allowed Confederate troops to use the property as a field hospital during the April 1862 Battle of Dam Number One (part of the Peninsula Campaign, and a month before the inconclusive Battle of Williamsburg).</p><br>
<p>Warwick County was acquired by the City of Newport News in the 1950s, and the city acquired this property in 1995. The post Civil War addition to the house was torn down, and the lost chimney rebuilt so as to make the building reach its 1860 appearance. Although it also now hosts some living history re-enactments about the American Revolutionary War, the site is now officially known as "The Civil War at Endview: A Living History Museum". Visitors to the house museum can tour the four interior rooms, which portray a collection of medical supplies, a standard parlor, Union soldier gear, and a bedroom, although re-enactors are only present at special events.</p><br>
<p>The property has been used for once-a-year Civil War Reenactments, and has recently restarted reenactments of the Siege of Yorktown on a bi-annual basis. As of Spring 2023, operating hours have been cut back so that the site is open to the public Thursday through Saturday, with additional closings during the Winter.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>Endview Plantation was featured on Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy in the episode "America After Dark". Self-proclaimed "redneck" comedian Larry the Cable Guy visited the plantation with Southeast Virginia Paranormal Investigations, a local paranormal team and joined them in investigating the house. The group could not declare the house haunted however, they did gather evidence of possible paranormal activity, such as EVP&#39;s of several strange noises and ghost voices on their digital recorders.</p><br>
<p>Limerick is a neighborhood one mile south of downtown Louisville, Kentucky, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood was developed in the 1860s as a place of residence for employees of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad freight yard. It was named because nearly all of the residents were from the Irish county of Limerick. The St. Louis Bertrand Catholic Church was the centerpiece of the newly founded neighborhood. Limerick began the trend of working-class people living southwest of downtown, a trend which continues in the city to this day.</p><br>
<p>The working class Irish immigrants lived in modest shotgun houses, with a moderate number of African Americans living in the alleyways behind them, while upper income Irish, known as "lace curtain Irish", built mansion houses on St. Catherine Street. The Irish Catholic presence in Limerick was strong enough that from 1872 to 1918 an annual St Patrick&#39;s Day march went from the church to Broadway. But as many of the railroad jobs left the area, the Irish began to move to South Louisville.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1871, the Louisville Steam Engine Co. 7 was formed to provide fire protection to the "southern suburbs" of Louisville. Its firehouse at 821 S. 6th Street is the oldest continuously active firehouse in the USA On December 10, 2008, Louisville Mayor Jerry Abramson announced his intention to close the firehouse and disband the company on January 1, 2009.</p><br>
<p>As the Irish left, the African Americans moved from the alleyways into the vacated shotgun houses. In 1873, Louisville Central Public School, Kentucky&#39;s first state supported public school for African Americans was opened at 6th and Kentucky Streets. It would be later renamed Simmons College and finally Municipal College for Negros, a "colored" campus of the University of Louisville. The school is now in the process of reclaiming its former campus and is officially known as Simmons College of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Beginning around 1874 Limerick was the site of two successive baseball fields, both named Eclipse Park and located at 7th and Kentucky streets (across the street from each other). They were the home of Louisville&#39;s major league team, the Louisville Colonels (originally the Louisville Eclipse) from 1882 until the team folded in 1899. It was here that Hall of Famer Honus Wagner made his major league debut on July 19, 1897.</p><br>
<p>The news weekly Kentucky Irish American would be published from Limerick for nearly seventy years, starting in 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Historic preservation</h2><br>
<p>Today, Limerick is a historic preservation district. It is bounded by Breckinridge Street to the north, 5th street to the east, Oak Street to the south, and the CSX railroad tracks to the west. South of Oak street, the eastern boundary is 7th street until it crosses the railroad tracks.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of 2000, the population of Limerick was 1,448, of which 56.5% are black, 37.7% are white, 3.8% are listed as other, and 2% are Hispanic. College graduates are 17.3% of the population, people without a high school degree are 21.2%. Males outnumber females 63.7% to 46.3%.</p><br>
<p>Ellicott&#39;s Stone, also known as the Ellicott Stone, is a boundary marker in northern Mobile County, Alabama. It was placed on April 10, 1799, by a joint USA-Spanish survey party headed by Andrew Ellicott. It was designated by the American Society of Civil Engineers as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1968 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 11, 1973.</p><br>
<p>It is the only known stone monument set by Ellicott when he surveyed the 31st parallel north latitude, which served as the boundary line between the Mississippi Territory in the United States and Spanish West Florida.</p><br>
<p>Ellicott&#39;s Stone is the initial point for all United States Public Land surveys in the southern region of Alabama and Mississippi. It is the point of intersection of what is known today as the St. Stephens meridian and the St. Stephens baseline. All townships in the area are numbered from the stone.</p><br>
<p>The marker stone is located east of USA Route 43 in Ellicott Stone Historical Park, about 1 mi south of Bucks, Alabama. The park was established in 1917. It is now near the James M. Barry Electric Generating Plant, west of the Mobile River.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone marker, a ferruginous sandstone block about two feet high and eight inches (203 mm) thick, is near the west bank of the Mobile River. On the northern side of the stone is an inscription stating "USA Lat. 31, 1799." The inscription on the southern side reads "Dominio De S.M. Carlos IV, Lat. 31, 1799." (Dominion of his majesty King Charles IV, Lat. 31, 1799)</p><br>
<p>The Bayard–Condict Building  is a 12-story commercial structure at 65 Bleecker Street in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Built between 1897 and 1899 in the Chicago School style, it was the only building in New York City designed by architect Louis Sullivan, who worked on the project alongside Lyndon P. Smith. Located in the NoHo Historic District, the building was designated a New York City landmark in 1975 and has been a National Historic Landmark since 1976.</p><br>
<p>The building occupies a rectangular site and has a terracotta facade divided horizontally into three sections. The lower two stories consist of ground-story storefronts with ornate columns, with an arched entrance in the westernmost bay. On the upper stories, piers separate the building vertically into five bays, each with ornate spandrel panels. There are six winged angels just below the cornice at the top of the building. On the inside, the first two stories are used for retail, while the upper floors generally contain large loft-like spaces and a steel structural frame. A mechanical core with elevators, utilities, and stairs is in its western end.</p><br>
<p>The Bayard Building was developed by the United Loan and Investment Company, who acquired the land in 1897 from the Bank for Savings in the City of New York and named the edifice after the Bayard family. Due to disputes over construction methods, United Loan was forced to give up the building before it was completed, and Emmeline G. H. Condict had acquired it by June 1899. It was sold in 1900, and again in 1920, before coming under the control of the Shulsky family in the 1940s. The storefronts were replaced in the 1960s, followed by the lobby in the 1980s. The facade was restored during the late 1990s and early 2000s.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Bayard–Condict Building is at 65 Bleecker Street in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is on the north side of Bleecker Street between Broadway and Lafayette Street, at the northern end of Crosby Street. The land lot is rectangular and measures around 8,330 ft2, with a frontage of 83.3 ft and a depth of 100 ft along Bleecker Street. The Robbins & Appleton Building adjoins the Bayard–Condict Building on the same block directly to the north, and an entrance to the New York City Subway&#39;s Bleecker Street station is immediately to the east. Other nearby structures include the Schermerhorn Building to the northeast, 339 Lafayette Street to the east, and 640 Broadway to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Before the early 19th century, what is now NoHo was part of the farms of numerous families, such as the Bayard, Bleecker, Herring, Pero, and Randall families. West–east streets were laid through the area by the early 19th century, and row houses were built along these streets. This was followed by institutions like churches, libraries, and schools in the 1830s and 1840s, then by store and loft buildings in the 1850s, which catered to the area&#39;s wealthy population. With the advent of curtain walls, steel frames, and fireproof elevators, these store and loft buildings were being built as tall as 12 stories by the 1890s. The Bayard–Condict Building was among these early high-rise loft buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Bayard–Condict Building is the only structure in New York City designed by Louis H. Sullivan, who specialized in the Chicago school style of architecture. Sullivan is sometimes cited as the buildings sole architect, although he was assisted by New York architect Lyndon P. Smith. Such partnerships were typical for Sullivan; whenever he designed buildings outside his home state of Illinois, he worked with other architects who were licensed in that state. It is unknown how or why Sullivan was selected to design the building, but, at the time of its development in the late 1890s, the citys most prominent structures were generally designed by local firms like McKim, Mead & White. George Elmslie helped design the decoration.</p><br>
<p>The building was one of the first skeleton frame skyscrapers in New York City, and the Department of Buildings raised numerous objections to the design before the plans were finally accepted. Measuring 162 ft tall, with 13 stories, it was considered an early skyscraper. It was similar in design to an unbuilt skyscraper for the St. Louis Trust and Savings Bank that was designed in 1895. According to Sullivans protege Frank Lloyd Wright, the Bayard–Condict Building was Sullivans favorite design.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The Bleecker Street elevation of the facade is clad in white glazed terracotta over a masonry wall. and divide the facade vertically into five bays. The Bleecker Street facade is divided horizontally into three sections—an ornamented base, a shaft of identical stacked floors, and a decorated crown—illustrating Sullivans views on skyscraper design. Whereas the protrude mullions and pilasters were intended to draw attention to the columns in the buildings superstructure, the superstructures horizontal beams were deemphasized and covered with wide spandrel panels. According to Herbert Muschamp, the emphasis of the vertical elements may have been intended to represent "maximum development of a small urban site by thrusting against gravitational force". The facades other three elevations are made of red brick on common bond.</p><br>
<p>The lowest part of the Bleecker Street facade contains a concrete water table. The doorway is flanked by piers, above which are a small cornice and an ornamented lunette with "organic" motifs such as spirals, leaves and tendrils. The lunette is topped by geometric designs and leaves. The original columns were removed in 1964 and restored in 2002. Above each of the ground-story storefronts are spandrel panels with more organic motifs.</p><br>
<p>On the upper stories, the bays are separated by piers, which correspond to the internal structural system; each bay is topped by a large arch. On these stories, each bay contains an arch at the twelfth and thirteenth stories, and there is a trefoil motif in the spandrels of each arch. A heavy cornice projects from the facade above the thirteenth floor. Condict allegedly wanted the angels to represent the six working days of the week (excluding the Sabbath). Sullivan had allegedly initially objected to the presence of the angels; according to The New York Times, Sullivan had asked Condict, "Do you want a commercial building or do you want a church?" This account is disputed by historians Sarah Landau and Carl W. Condit, who wrote in their 1996 book Rise of the New York Skyscraper that Sullivan had used winged-angel motifs in his design for the Transportation Building at the 1893 World&#39;s Columbian Exposition. The sculptures had been depicted in a Brickbuilder magazine article in June 1898, before the Condict family had even bought the building. There are round motifs and leaves above the cornice, but the roof of the building is otherwise flat.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>According to the Architectural Review, the Bayard–Condict Building was a speculative development "designed to be used for offices or light as to the upper, and for shops in the ground and first floors". When the Bayard–Condict Building was built, it generally contained large loft-like spaces, as well as a mechanical core with elevators, utilities, and stairs. The lofts could be divided into smaller offices and were illuminated by natural light, which was maximized by the presence of setbacks at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the building was to contain brick curtain walls with a uniform thickness of 12 in. The interior would have been supported by a type of freestanding steel frame called the Gray system, which used 14 by columns attached to cast-steel bases. Sullivan and Dankmar Adler had previously used the Gray system in the Prudential (Guaranty) Building, but New York City officials were loath to approve the use of the Gray system.</p><br>
<p>By the late 20th century, the building was accessed through the westernmost bay on Bleecker Street, which led to a north–south hallway. The hallway had terrazzo floors, plastic wall tiles, and acoustical ceiling tiles. A pair of elevators was positioned at the center of the hallway, while the rear end of the hallway had a stairway adjacent to a storefront. The staircase had an ornate balustrade between the basement and third story, stucco-and-plaster walls, and a plaster ceiling. On the upper stories, there was a hallway on the western end of each story connecting to the elevators and stair. The remainder of each story was divided into office or industrial space, with tile floors, plaster walls, and plaster ceilings. Ceiling heights range from 15 ft on the first floor to 9.5 ft on the 12th floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bayard–Condict Building was constructed on the former site of the Bank for Savings in the City of New York, also known as the Old Bleecker Street Bank. That bank relocated to Fourth Avenue in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>The United Loan and Investment Company had been incorporated in 1895 to sell securities, land, and mortgages for a commission; it was authorized to trade real estate in 1897. United Loan immediately announced plans to erect the 12-story Bayard Building Although the family was not involved with the project, Landau and Condit wrote that the structure directly referenced William Bayard Jr., the Bank for Savings&#39; first president. Louis Sullivan, working with Lyndon P. Smith of New York state, had been hired to design the structure during mid-1897.</p><br>
<p>The partnership of Sullivan & Smith submitted plans for a 12-story structure at 65–69 Bleecker Street to the New York City Department of Buildings on September 17, 1897, The building was to be a fireproof structure with a terracotta facade and would contain numerous elevators. The New York Times estimated the building would cost $400,000, After disputes over various aspects of the planned building were resolved, United Loan began erecting the Bayard Building in December 1897.</p><br>
<p>The Bank for Savings initiated foreclosure proceedings on the property in December 1898. In April 1899, Charles W. Rice of the Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company acquired the building at a foreclosure auction for $327,000, wiping out United Loans investment in the structure. Rice had been one of the buildings material contractors, and he had purchased the building to satisfy $150,000 in liens. The building was completed in December 1899. and the Condict family sold the building that May to its builder, Charles T. Wills.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Sources disagree on the building&#39;s original name. Landau and Condit described the structure as being known as the "Bayard Building" when it was completed, while the Brooklyn Times Union described the Condict Building as occupying "65, 67 and 69 Bleecker Street". The Wills estate continued to own the Condict Building until January 1920, when the estate sold the building to Heidelberg, Wolff & Co. for $450,000.</p><br>
<p>Elgin Shulsky acquired the building during the 1940s. At the end of that decade, the capitals above the columns at ground level were covered with plaster and cinder blocks. This blunted the effect of Sullivan&#39;s original storefronts, which had been designed as full-height glass panels between small columns. The popularity of ornate facades, such as that of the Condict Building, had declined significantly by the late 1950s, prompting the Municipal Art Society to select the building as one of several in the city that were "worthy of preservation". Elgin Shulsky replaced the original storefronts with generic commercial aluminum storefronts, designed by Gustave W. Iser, in 1964. One of the original capitals was preserved in the Brooklyn Museum, while a group led by Ivan Karp obtained another capital for the collection of the Anonymous Arts Museum.</p><br>
<p>The LPC first hosted a public hearing on whether to designate the building as a city landmark in 1966, but the structure was not designated because the owners objected to it. before it designated the Bayard–Condict Building as a city landmark on November 25, 1975. The LPC designated the Bayard–Condict Building largely on the grounds that it was Sullivans only New York City building. The Shulsky family immediately sued the LPC, claiming that "the vast majority of the population in the City of New York and the United States of America have no knowledge whatsoever" of the buildings existence, but the lawsuit stalled. which approved the nomination the same year.</p><br>
<p>The building continued to be largely occupied by commercial tenants through the late 20th century. By the early 1980s, the Shulsky family was replacing the industrial tenants with office tenants, as the owners wished to refurbish the building. The vacant space was rented to office tenants for as low as 8 $/ft2. Subsequently, the Shulsky family renovated the lobby to designs by Edgar Tafel, whose mentor Frank Lloyd Wright had studied under Sullivan. Elgin Shulskys son Marvin Shulsky took over the buildings management in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1996, New York City-based architecture and engineering firm Wank Adams Slavin Associates designed and oversaw a restoration of the Bayard–Condict Building&#39;s facade. The project cost $800,000.</p><br>
<p>The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation gave its Village Award in 2003 to the contractors who restored the building. By 2013, Marvin Shulsky&#39;s son-in-law Lawrence Ellenberg had taken over the building and was adding an elevator. a law firm, and an ice cream shop.</p><br>
<h2>Critical reception</h2><br>
<p>When the Bayard–Condict Building was completed, it was a radical design for its time, since it contravened the strictures of American Renaissance architecture which were the accepted status quo. However, it had little influence on architectural design in New York City, because of its location in the industrial area that Bleecker Street was during that period. Montgomery Schuyler wrote: "There is nothing capricious in the general treatment of this structure. It is an attempt, and a very serious attempt, to found the architecture of a tall building upon the facts of the case." A reporter for The Wall Street Journal wrote that, following the building&#39;s completion, the public saw Louis Sullivan "as the architect who had solved the problem of what to do with the skyscraper".</p><br>
<p>The building was still largely lauded in the late 20th century. A reporter for the New York Daily News described the Bayard–Condict Building in 1964 as having "the appearance of a large commercial structure from the period", despite its significance as Sullivan&#39;s only New York City building. The same year, the Times said the building "is still in every important textbook of the American skyscraper". In his 1994 book New York, a Guide to the Metropolis, Gerard Wolfe wrote that the Bayard–Condict Building was a "startlingly ornate" structure that was tucked onto a side street.</p><br>
<p>The building also received positive commentary after its renovation in the 1990s and 2000s. According to Herbert Muschamp in 2001, the building "stands as a reminder that private clients, including developers, were once more eager than the cultural organizations to embrace progressive ideals". while the Chicago Tribune wrote that the building was "a study in terra-cotta ornamentation". The architect Chad Smith wrote for the Village Voice in 2005: "It is new because it is modern—both for its forward-looking design and because it was (and is) an innovative solution to 19th-century problems. It feels fresh because it is still so completely a building of its age." The Bayard–Condict Building&#39;s architecture also inspired the design of other structures, including a nearby office building in SoHo designed by Marcello Porcelli and Cookfox during the 2010s.</p><br>
<p>Congress Avenue is a major thoroughfare in Austin, Texas. The street is a six-lane, tree lined avenue that cuts through the middle of the city from far south Austin and goes over Lady Bird Lake leading to the Texas State Capitol in the heart of Downtown.</p><br>
<p>Congress Avenue south of Lady Bird Lake is known as South Congress, often abbreviated to SoCo, and is an increasingly popular shopping and rental district. It passes the historic Travis Heights neighborhood, the Texas School for the Deaf, and St. Edward&#39;s University as it passes south out of town.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original 1839 Waller Plan for the city designed Congress Avenue to be Austin&#39;s central and most prominent street, and named in honor of the Republic-era Congress. Early structures along Congress Avenue included government buildings, hotels, saloons, retail stores and restaurants. By the late 1840s after statehood, "The Avenue" formed a well-established business district. The mid-1870s introduced gaslight illumination and mule-driven streetcars as well as construction of a new Travis County courthouse at Eleventh Street. The present Texas Capitol at the north end of Congress Avenue was built in 1888. The original dirt street was bricked in 1910. Trolley cars operated on the Avenue until 1940.</p><br>
<p>Before Interstate 35 was completed in the 1960s, Congress Avenue was the primary road to reach Austin from the south. Certain landmarks such as the Austin Motel identify the road as a major thoroughfare for travellers through the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Route description</h2><br>
<p>Congress Avenue begins at an intersection with Slaughter Lane near Interstate 35. It heads to the north-northeast, diverging away from I-35. This portion of Congress from Slaughter Lane north to the Williamson Creek bridge is maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation and carries the Loop 275 designation. After the intersection with Stassney Lane, the road heads to the northeast, now parallel to I-35. Congress Avenue passes over the US 290/SH 71 freeway (locally called Ben White Boulevard) as it travels to the northeast. Continuing to the northeast, it passes by St. Edward&#39;s University and goes through the namesake South Congress district before crossing over Lady Bird Lake (Colorado River) by way of the Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge. The street continues northeast through downtown Austin to 11th Street at the Texas State Capitol. At the Capitol, it splits into a one-way pair, with the northbound lanes going around the east side of the Capitol, and the southbound lanes going around the west side. (This portion of Congress between 11th and 15th Streets has been permanently closed to auto traffic since 2001.) The street merges back to a 2-way street northeast of the Capitol and continues heading to the northeast. It continues for several more blocks before coming to an end at the University of Texas at Austin campus at Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge</h2><br>
<p>The Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge over Lady Bird Lake houses the world&#39;s largest urban bat population. When the bridge was refurbished in the 1980s, the new design created crevices underneath the structure that happened to be ideal for bats to roost in. In the summer, the colony has up to 1.5 million Mexican Free-tailed Bats. The bats can be seen emerging by the thousands from under the bridge every evening throughout the summer, before they eventually migrate to Mexico for the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In recognition of its architectural and historical significance, Congress Avenue from Cesar Chavez Street (formerly First Street) to the Capitol was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The Capitol forms a terminating vista at the north end of Congress; this view became one of the Capitol View Corridors protected under state and local law from obstruction by tall buildings in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Cesar Chavez Street is the former First Street.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Congress Avenue is the setting for Quentin Tarantino&#39;s 2007 film, Death Proof.</p><br>
<p>Swannanoa is an Italian Renaissance Revival villa built in 1912 by millionaire and philanthropist James H. Dooley  above Rockfish Gap on the border of northern Nelson County and Augusta County, Virginia, in the US. It is partially based on buildings in the Villa Medici, Rome.</p><br>
<p>Rockfish Gap is the southern end of the Skyline Drive through the Shenandoah National Park and the northern terminus of the Blue Ridge Parkway.</p><br>
<p>It is located on the crest of the Blue Ridge mountains, overlooking both Shenandoah and Rockfish valleys. It is located on a jurisdictional border, so it is in both Augusta and Nelson counties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Intended to be a "summer place" for Richmond, Virginia millionaire and philanthropist James H. Dooley and his wife Sarah "Sallie" O. May, it reportedly took over 300 artisans several years to build the structure, complete with marble from Tate, GA and inside Italian Marble, Georgian marble, Tiffany windows, and terraced gardens. It was built as a token of love from husband to wife, the depth of James and Sallie May&#39;s relationship being represented in the 4,000 piece Tiffany stained-glass window and a domed ceiling bearing the likeness of Mrs. Dooley Despite the lavish expenditure, it was occupied only for a few years following completion in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Major Dooley died in 1922 at the age of 82. He left Swannanoa entirely to his wife, Sallie Mae, along with several million dollars. Sallie May Dooley died in 1925 at the age of 79. At her death the estate passed to Major Dooley&#39;s sisters. Many pieces of the Swannanoa furniture were moved to Maymont upon the death of Sallie May. Her Swan furniture and bed are on display at Maymont in Richmond, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>When the property was built it had state-of-the-art fixtures for the time. Electricity, plumbing and central heat were installed in the house. It was the first house to have electricity in Nelson County and to accomplish this it had its own power plant on the property. There also was a built-in elevator. Like Monticello, Thomas Jeffersons house 27 miles away, it had a dumbwaiter to bring food up from the basement kitchen to the butlers pantry on the first floor and placed on a radiator with flat shelving.</p><br>
<p>The sisters sold Swannanoa in 1926 to the Valley Corporation of Richmond, which became the second owner of Swannanoa. They planned and opened the Swannanoa Country Club and Golf Course in 1927. With the 1929 Depression, the country club had no revenue and Dooley sisters took back the property in 1932. During the Country Club era, they built a small stone building on the property for guests to pay their golf fees and it was rumored to house the regions best moonshine distillery and to be a favored supplier for government officials during Prohibition. The golf course was an 18-hole course. It was during Swannanoas time as a country club that Calvin Coolidge had Thanksgiving dinner (1928) at the mansion. The sumptuous accommodations and isolation from the Capitols hubbub seemed to affect Mrs. Coolidge deeply, giving her "the giddiness of a mare in the spring" according to the waitstaff. Calvin was typically silent on the subject, but seemed rather drawn and sleepy for the next days hunting.</p><br>
<p>The United States Navy considered purchasing and renovating the property in 1942, which they calculated would cost $200,000, for the purpose of establishing a secret facility to interrogate prisoners of war. The military rejected it in favor of a Civilian Conservation Corps camp in Fort Hunt, Virginia, because it seemed unlikely that Congress would approve the purchase of such a palatial structure for the purpose.</p><br>
<p>The mansion stood empty through the Great Depression and World War II until A.T. Dulaney purchased it with a group of Charlottesville business men and formed Skyline Swannanoa, Inc. In 1944. In 1948 Swannanoa was leased for 50 years to Walter Russell for his University of Science and Philosophy. When the lease ended in 1998 the owners completed 3 million dollar external restoration of the mansion from 1999-2006. Since 2007 Skyline Swannanoa, Inc. has operated the estate as a private venue only available by private booking or ticketed events.</p><br>
<h2>Notable visitors</h2><br>
<p>President Calvin Coolidge and his wife visited nearby Swannanoa Country Club on Thanksgiving Day 1928. Whether or not the Coolidges actually visited Swannanoa mansion is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Belmont is a ghost town in Nye County, Nevada, United States along former State Route 82. The town is a historic district listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is Nevada Historical Marker number 138.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Belmont was established following a silver strike in 1865. Other minerals, such as copper, lead and antimony, were also mined in addition to the silver. The boom brought settlers in and the town of Belmont grew. In 1867, Belmont became the county seat of Nye County. The town boasted four stores, two saloons, five restaurants, livery stable, post office, assay office, bank, school, telegraph office, two newspapers, and a blacksmith shop. As the price of metals fluctuated, so did the fortunes of the town.</p><br>
<p>By 1887, several of the mines closed. In 1905, the county seat of Nye County was relocated from Belmont to Tonopah. The mine dumps were reworked in the early part of the 20th century</p><br>
<p>The post office was in operation from April 1867 until May 1911 and then again from September 1915 until 1922.</p><br>
<p>During the 1870s it was known as a major mining boomtown producing silver, and was rumored to have a population of 15,000. However, the total population for the whole county did not top 9,000 people until 1980 so the rumored population total is highly unlikely. Another source puts the peak population of Belmont at 2,000 in the 1870s. Like many towns which are now ghost towns, this one lasted for only a short time.</p><br>
<h2>Present-day Belmont</h2><br>
<p>Some of the buildings still standing include the original Nye County Courthouse, the Cosmopolitan Saloon, the Monitor-Belmont Mill, and the combination mill.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the old Combination Mine and Mill office and Belmont Courier Newspaper office and associated buildings are under restoration and preservation, known as the Philadelphia House, a reference to the name of the lodging house in the 1880s, and the Philadelphia mining district. This building complex was a business for about 15 years known as the Belmont Inn and Saloon, and also the Monitor Inn. Restoration volunteers are being solicited.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the site there is the Belmont Courthouse now belonging to Nye County and cared for by the "Friends of the Belmont Courthouse". The transfer from the Belmont Courthouse State Historical Park to Nye County took place in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Camp Evans Historic District is an area of the Camp Evans Formerly Used Defense Site in Wall Township, New Jersey. The site of the military installation (coord401108N0740345Wnotes=</p><br>
<h2>Belmar Receiving Station</h2><br>
<p>The Belmar Receiving Station was established near the Belmar community together with a separate transatlantic transmitting facility at New Brunswick, New Jersey, by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America (American Marconi). The Belmar station included a mile-long bronze-wire receiving antenna strung on six 400 foot tall masts with three 150 foot balancing towers along the Shark River. Outgoing Morse-code messages were sent via a telegraph land-line from the Belmar Station to the transmitter. The receiving site also had a telegraph land-line to a New York office.</p><br>
<p>Original buildings on the campus (coord40.1859N74.0594Wscale:10000notes=) were built by the J.G. White Engineering Corp. between 1912 and 1914. This was part of the Guglielmo Marconi&#39;s wireless girdle around the Earth. In one of the buildings being constructed for the Belmar station, the regenerative circuit was demonstrated on January 31/February 1, 1914.</p><br>
<p>In April 1917, the Belmar station was acquired as part of the Navy&#39;s World War I Trans-Atlantic Communication System and after the November 1918 Armistice with Germany, American Marconi regained the Belmar station, which Radio Corporation of America owned from October 1919 until 1924. In 1924, the site was returned to Radio Corporation of America (RCA) ownership.Pane, Bill, "KKK Nazi Spys in Camp Evans history", Asbury Park Press, May 18, 2014,</p><br>
<p>Page A5</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>RCA sold the site to the Monmouth County Pleasure Seekers Club which was closely tied to Arthur H. Bell and the Ku Klux Klan. They owned the site from 1925 to 1935.</p><br>
<p>The Young Peoples Association for the Propagation of the Gospel purchased the Belmar station in 1936, and The Kings College opened in September 1938 — when it was denied accreditation it relocated (currently it is in the Empire State Building).</p><br>
<p>The Signal Corps Radar Laboratory (SCRL) of Fort Hancock (formerly "Field Laboratory No. 3") in the late 1930s used a field set-up at the Belmar station to compare US radars with the British CH-CHL Radars (additional testing of hardware was often done at the nearby Twin Lights radar station, such as a trial radar network in 1939).</p><br>
<h2>Evans Signal Laboratory</h2><br>
<p>In 1941 the Belmar radio site was renamed the Evans Signal Laboratory after Wall Township purchased the original Marconi buildings and the surrounding 93 acres for the Army to move the SCRL. Initial construction of Camp Evans Historic District quickly built more than two dozen buildings and structures on the open land to the south and west of the Marconi buildings, including 2 boiler houses, 4 long rectangular one-story buildings, and two groups of radio antenna shelters. Two models of the SCR-271 radar were located near the intersection of Monmouth Boulevard and Watson Road (the model D had a sign for the SCRL Installation and Maintenance School).</p><br>
<h2>Camp Evans</h2><br>
<p>Camp Evans was designated by War Department General Order, 17 February 1942; the Camp Evans Signal Laboratory was named on March 31, 1942 (the date of the camp&#39;s dedication); and in December 1942, the War Department directed the Signal Corps General Development Laboratories and the Camp Evans Signal Lab to combine into the Signal Corps Ground Service (SCGS) with headquarters at Bradley Beach, New Jersey (Hotel Grossman). The Camp Evans lab used VT-158 tube(s), developed by Harold A. Zahl, to adapt SCR-268s for picket ships, modified the SCR-268 into the SCR-602 which detected Japanese kamikazes (producing 12 renumbered AN/TPQ-3 developmental models) and on the SCR-584 tracking radar, did preliminary testing in December 1941 and added identification friend or foe. The lab also improved components (e.g. for the proximity fuse) and established a special unit which tested captured German and Japanese radars. The laboratory was also responsible for Army radar development by civilian companies (e.g., GE AN/CPS-1 early warning radar, Rad Lab AN/CPS-4 height finder, Bendix AN/GPN-2 & LE AN/GPN-6 search sets, and Bendix AN/CPN-18 secondary surveillance radar).</p><br>
<p>By August 1943, Lt Col Paul E. Watson was the director of the Camp Evans Signal Laboratory. In addition to the Signal lab, Camp Evans had the Joint Army-Navy Tube Standardization (JANS) Laboratory and in May 1945, the Signal Corps Ground Services was reformed into the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. Initial experimentation with an enemy mortar and artillery locating radar was conducted at Camp Evans in 1944. By the end of the war Camp Evans had approximately 134 buildings and structures on approximately 217 acres including the Meteorological Branch of the Army Signal Corps (cf. the Meteorological Branch at McCook Field).</p><br>
<h3>Cold War events</h3><br>
<p>The facility was the initial point of contact for many top German scientists after WWII. These included Wernher von Braun and Erich Traub as part of Operation Paperclip. Camp Evans&#39; black engineers contributed to electronic research, development, product distribution and training. For instance, Dr. Walter McAfee at Fort Monmouth first calculated the speed of the moon during Project Diana (it took 40 minutes to travel 15 deg, the width of the fixed radar beam rotating with the Earth).</p><br>
<p>After the World War II Peenemünde V-2s tracked by the giant Würzburg radar had reached space and their telemetry had been received (e.g., at burnout); during moonrise on January 10, 1946, Project Diana transmitted VHF radar pulses through the ionosphere to the moon and detected the reflection</p><br>
<p>using a modified version of an experimental SCR-271 at the right of center Camp Evans. By August 1951, the Evans Signal Laboratory had a Meteorological Branch in Bldg. 39.</p><br>
<p>The 1952 Army Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory was established in building 9401 which had an underground vault, a Van de Graff machine, and AN/UDM-1A caesium-137 and AN/UDM-1 cobalt-60 calibration sources and a 130,000 Curie Cobalt-60 pool irradiator for radiac development. The building had one and a half foot walls to protect contain the radiation during experiments. After a visit on October 20, 1953. McCarthyism claimed that Camp Evans was a "house of spies", but none of the camps employees which Senator McCarthy investigated in 1953 and 1954 were ever prosecuted. In 1957, replacement equipment, on the frame of a captured German Reise radar, erected at the Project Diana site helped track the Soviet Unions Sputnik (cf. the Deal Test Site in Ocean Township that moved to Evans in 1973).</p><br>
<p>Camp Evans became part of the and developed a radar weather set The Evans laboratory transferred from the SCGS to the U. S. Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories (SCEL), which in April 1958 was renamed the</p><br>
<p>The Project Diana site with building 9162 was used for the NASA TIROS-1 satellites downlink antenna (60-foot dish shaped antenna, Space Sentry) on April 1, 1960, for the first photograph from space (the ground terminal at Fort Monmouth in the laboratory receiving area). Radiation Incorporateds AN/TLM-18 Space Sentry at Camp Evans was used for minitrack. The Army Photo-optics Laboratory opened at Camp Evans in 1963. Most Deal Test Site facilities and personnel moved to Camp Evans due to the Deal site lease terminating on June 30, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission at the end of the Cold War designated Camp Evans for closure (e.g., the Army Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory closed in 1999) Evans units moved to Fort Monmouth&#39;s Main Post (Project 42682), and Camp Evans land transferred to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>A section of the former camp is home to the Brookdale Campus at Wall, a branch of the Brookdale Community College.</p><br>
<p>A district of Camp Evans was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, and camp areas became part of the Save America&#39;s Treasures project (2005 funds were donated to restore the AN/TLM-18). In 2011, began in the basement at the InfoAge Science Center.</p><br>
<h2>InfoAge</h2><br>
<p>InfoAge Science & History Museums (InfoAge) was established in some of the historic district buildings. InfoAge is a member of the Association of Science-Technology Centers and was part of the. Its focus is science and the scientific and military history of Camp Evans.</p><br>
<p>Exhibits and participating organizations include the, The, electronic warfare, a Cold War-era fallout shelter, vintage radio, the National Broadcasters Hall of Fame and Museum, and the</p><br>
<p>The provides adult and youth programs that range from lectures, activities, to week-long summer programs. ISEC exhibits include the operational AN/TLM-18 antenna system, satellite models, and Apollo guidance computer.</p><br>
<p>The Jesse James Home Museum is the house in St. Joseph, Missouri where outlaw Jesse James was living and was gunned down on April 3, 1882, by Robert Ford. It is a one-story, Greek Revival style frame dwelling measuring 24 feet, 2 inches, wide and 30 feet, 4 inches, deep.</p><br>
<p>At the time, the house was located at 1318 Lafayette Street in St. Joseph. In 1939, it was moved to a busier Belt Highway location. In 1977, it was moved to a location directly behind Patee House at 12th and Mitchell in St. Joseph, only two blocks away from its original location, which restored more of its historic context.</p><br>
<p>The investigation into the shooting death of James was conducted at Patee House Hotel (formerly the Worlds Hotel). Mrs. James, her two children, and Jesses mother stayed in Patee House for two nights after Jesse James was killed.</p><br>
<p>The house has a large bullet hole on the north interior wall. The hole was actually much smaller but over the years, souvenir hunters carved shavings from the hole and enlarged it.</p><br>
<p>The Jesse James Home contains a number of items owned by Jesse James and his family. In 1995, top forensic scientist Professor James E. Starrs, of George Washington University, conducted an exhumation of the grave of Jesse James to settle persistent controversy about the remains. In February 1996, he announced that DNA tests performed on the remains and compared to the DNA of existing known relatives proved a 99.7% reliability that the body in the grave was that of Jesse James. The museum includes new exhibits based on the 1995 exhumation, including artifacts such as coffin handles, bits of wood, and a pin Jesse James wore in his death photo, as well as numerous photos taken during the exhumation.</p><br>
<p>The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 1980. It is a contributing resource to the Patee Town Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Milliken Memorial Community House, erected in 1928 in Elkton, Kentucky, is the first privately donated community house in America. The 13,000 ft&sup2; mansion pioneered a new architectural program for public use. The house was commissioned by Mary Louise Milliken  and her husband Samuel Canning Childs  in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Both were wealthy philanthropists and were responsible for the construction of over twenty hospitals and two churches throughout the United States. Childs was a wealthy businessman who had founded the American Food Store Company, a prominent Mid-Atlantic retail grocery chain. A Woman&#39;s Club was organized in Elkton in 1924 and Mr. & Mrs. Childs began formulating plans to construct a community center for this and other social groups. Designed for the specific purpose of housing community events and funded entirely by Mr. and Mrs. Childs, the building was to be a permanent memorial to the memory of her mother.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the building began in fall of that year (1927) and was completed in April during the next year (1928) at a cost of $75,000, equal to $1,478,000(2008) today. Average home cost in 1928 was 4,000 dollars.</p><br>
<p>Local contractor V.L. Price constructed the building and the architect responsible for the buildings design is Geo. S. Koyl and Marr & Holman Architects. The mansion is designed in the Neo-Classical style of Flemish bond brick with a large two-story portico on the main facade. The main section is two stories with a porte-cochere on the west facade and with a one-story apollarium ballroom wing at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house was officially opened on April 11- April 12 in a two-day celebration. Mary Louise and Canning booked the Francis Craig Orchestra from RCA Records to play for the opening ball. Newspapers from Lexington and Nashville covered the event naming it one of the greatest successes of generosity ever recorded.</p><br>
<h2>Book</h2><br>
<p>Home Elsewhere was released on July 25 of 2007. The non-fiction book catalogs the history of the house, and the life of Mary Louise Milliken Childs and her project, the Milliken Memorial Community House. Matthew Colin Bailey completed the first book after 3 years of research. Home Elsewhere was pre-released in Todd County, Kentucky as a first edition. The statewide second edition was released in 2008 at Kentucky bookstores. The second edition was edited by James Coursey.</p><br>
<p>The Crawford Grill was a renowned jazz club that operated in two locations in the Hill District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During its heyday in the 1950s and 60s, the second Crawford Grill venue hosted local and nationally-recognized acts, including jazz legends Art Blakey, Charles Mingus, Max Roach, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Bill Evans, and Kenny Burrell. The club, an important social gathering spot for Pittsburghs African-American communities, drew devoted listeners from the regions ethnically and racially diverse population making it a rare site of interracial socializing during the civil rights period. The Crawford Grill was one of many black-owned neighborhood clubs in the Eastern United States that supported a tour circuit for small jazz ensembles during the genres "golden age." Despite the riots of 1968, which severely damaged the neighborhoods economic infrastructure, the club continued to operate until 2003, when it was shuttered. In 2010, a group of local investors purchased the property with the goal of restoring and reopening the location as a venue and restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins of the Crawford Grill</h3><br>
<p>The Crawford Grill can be best understood as the outgrowth of a broader set of social institutions that flourished in the Hill District neighborhood in the early 1900s. Known as "black-and-tan clubs", these venues featured black artists and catered to mixed-race patrons. The Leader House (1401 Wylie Ave.) and the Collins Inn (1213 Wylie Ave.) were two "black-and-tan clubs" that operated in the 1910s that were important because they offered a means through which entrepreneur William "Gus" Greenlee would enter the entertainment industry in the Hill District and would later become the Crawford Grill and Black Musicians Union Club. The high standard of entertainment was established by pianist Earl Hines, who began his career as a jazz musician in the Hill District when he was hired by bandleader Lois Deppe to perform at the Leader House, and violinist Vernie Robinson at the Collins Inn. In 1922, the Collins Inn became the Paramount Inn under the ownership of Greenlee, who would become one of the Hills most prominent African-American businessmen and owner of the Negro league baseball team the Pittsburgh Crawfords. But the club had already had several owners by the time Greenlee acquired it in 1933. It was purchased by Scott Bailey in 1932 and soon after was managed by James Brown, a local chef. Brown remained when Greenlee acquired the business. Nevertheless, Greenlee may be soundly credited for making the club famous. Greenlee&#39;s remodeled held its grand opening on Christmas Eve of 1933. A formal opening took place the following January. It was the first in the neighborhood to receive a liquor license (prohibition had been repealed for less than a month). An enthusiastic announcement in the Pittsburgh Courier promised patrons a bar designed after a Spanish hacienda, with "cool drinks and good food served in ultra, ultra style." The Crawford Grill had several incarnations at different addresses during its lifetime.</p><br>
<h3>Crawford Grill No. 1 (1933–1951)</h3><br>
<p>The original club was located at 1401 Wylie Ave. at Townsend in a hotel called the Leader House, which had been established in the 1910s. The third floor of the three-story structure was reserved for VIPs.</p><br>
<p>The second floor featured the C&G Club with a revolving stage, upright piano clad in mirrors, and glass-topped bar. In addition to a program of out-of-town entertainers, Greenlee promised two special programs: "Chill Night" featuring Greenlee himself in the kitchen, and "Jewish Night", when his wife, Helen, did the same. The second-floor club opened in March 1935 with entertainment produced by Billy Maxey, featuring New York and Ohio performers. Local press declared it the Hills "most popular hot spot&#39;".</p><br>
<h3>Crawford Grill No. 2 (1943–2003)</h3><br>
<p>With his business partner Joseph Robinson, Greenlee opened a second venue on the corner of Wylie Avenue and Elmore Street, approximately ten blocks east of the original location. Robinson&#39;s son, William "Buzzy" Robinson, ran the club for almost 60 years, selling the business but retaining ownership of the building in 1992. In 2001, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission dedicated a marker on the site. Facing electrical and sewage problems, the last surviving Crawford Grill location (No. 2) closed its doors in 2003 and was put up for sale in 2006.</p><br>
<h3>Crawford Grill No. 3 (1948–1955)</h3><br>
<p>Located on the corner of Bidwell Street and Pennsylvania Avenue in the Manchester neighborhood of Pittsburgh, this club closed in just seven years.</p><br>
<h3>New Crawford Grill at Station Square (2003–2006)</h3><br>
<p>Capitalizing on the famous Crawford Grill name, Les Montgomery and Tom Burley opened a new venue at 125 W. Station Square Drive in the Freight House Shops, in Pittsburgh&#39;s South Side neighborhood. The interior, designed by local architect Margaret Ringel, included seating for 180 guests, a bar, and a balcony. Hewing closely to the original Grill, the menu featured soul food. The venture was financed partly by the Urban Redevelopment Authority and promised 20-30 new jobs. Initially the new club was successful; upon the first anniversary of its opening, a newspaper described it as a "regular destination for jazz lovers." One local patron praised the new Grill, finding the music as good as it was in the original club during its heyday. Despite being awarded "best soul food" by a local paper three years running, the new club suffered from lack of foot traffic, closing its doors on January 7, 2006.</p><br>
<h3>Legacy and the Crawford Grill Revitalization Project</h3><br>
<p>After the closure of the Crawford Grill No. 2, building owner Buzzy Robinson sought buyers who would respect the legacy of the site. In 2010, local sources announced that an investment group including Pittsburgh Central Keystone Innovation Zone, Pittsburgh Gateways Corporation, Hill House EDC, and several private individuals had purchased the building for $275,000. Calling their initiative the "Crawford Grill Revitalization Project," the group has stated it aims to preserve the legacy of the building through restoration efforts and the establishment of a new restaurant and nightclub.</p><br>
<h2>Historical marker</h2><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum commission unveiled a blue and gold historical marker outside the Crawford Grill building on April 7, 2001. The unveiling marked the conclusion of a three-day conference focused on black history in Pennsylvania. In attendance were Pittsburgh councilman Sala Udin, the building&#39;s owner, William "Buzzie" Robinson, and the owner of the Crawford Grill business, Keith Ferris.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Referenced in the play Fences by August Wilson</p><br>
<p>Also referenced in August Wilson’s one person production “How I learned What I Learned”.</p><br>
<p>Refreneced in Kevin Hazzard&#39;s book "American Sirens."</p><br>
<p>Cobbs Creek is a neighborhood located in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, named for the creek which forms part of Philadelphia&#39;s western border. Cobbs Creek is generally bounded by Market Street to the north, Baltimore Avenue to the south South 50th Street, Whitby Avenue, Angora Subway System, and Cobbs Creek Park</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the Cobbs Creek Automobile Suburb Historic District was created, with Cobbs Creek Parkway, Spruce Street, 52nd Street, and Angora Street its boundaries. The District protects 1049 buildings, with Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow/Craftsman architectural styles contained within the district.</p><br>
<p>Fires from the 1985 bombing of the MOVE headquarters at 6221 Osage Avenue spread to 64 other buildings in the neighborhood. The destroyed homes were hastily rebuilt by the city, but were later condemned after years of attempted repairs to the shoddy construction.</p><br>
<p>Also listed on the National Register of Historic Places are the Holmes Junior High School and Walnut Park Plaza Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<h3>Primary and secondary schools</h3><br>
<p>The School District of Philadelphia operates public schools. Andrew Hamilton Elementary School located at S.56th St. & Spruce St., Sayre High School (formerly a middle school) is located at S.58th St & Walnut St. and West Philadelphia High School.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia announced the closures of St. Cyprian Catholic School, as its student numbers had declined.</p><br>
<h3>Public libraries</h3><br>
<p>Free Library of Philadelphia operates the Blanche A. Nixon/Cobbs Creek Branch at 5800 Cobbs Creek Parkway at the intersection of 59th Street and Baltimore Avenue. The branch opened in 1925 and was renamed in 1990 after an area activist.</p><br>
<p>Society Hill is a historic neighborhood in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, with a population of 6,215. Settled in the early 1680s, Society Hill is one of the oldest residential neighborhoods in Philadelphia.The Center City District dates the Free Society of Traders to 1683. See Other sources show that the Society was established in 1681. See William Penn did not arrive until October 1682. See History of Philadelphia. After urban decay developed between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an urban renewal program began in the 1950s, restoring the area and its many historic buildings. Society Hill has since become one of the most expensive neighborhoods with the highest average income and second-highest real estate values in Philadelphia., the median household income in Society Hill was</p><br>
<p>$93,222, and the average income was $145,260, which are the highest values for any neighborhood in Philadelphia. Society Hill&#39;s historic colonial architecture, along with planning and restoration efforts, led the American Planning Association to designate it, as one of the great American neighborhoods and a good example of sustainable urban living.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood hosts one of the largest concentrations of original 18th- and early 19th-century buildings in the United States. Society Hill is noted for its Franklin street lamps, brick sidewalks, cobblestone and Belgian block streets bordered by two- to four-story brick rowhouses in Federal and Georgian architecture, and public buildings in Greek Revival architecture such as the Merchants&#39; Exchange Building and the Old Pine Street Church.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Society Hill is named after the 17th-century Free Society of Traders, which had its offices at Front Street on the hill above Dock Creek. The Free Society of Traders was a company of elite merchants, landowners, and personal associates of William Penn who were granted special concessions in order to direct the economy of the young colony.</p><br>
<p>Society Hill was initially known as the Dock Ward, an appropriate designation until the post-World War II period when the shipping industry declined and relocated. The Dock Ward, first defined in 1705, was one of the ten original wards that the city used to subdivide land east of 7th Street. As part of the 1854 Act of Consolidation, the Dock Ward was renamed the 5th Ward. The wards were realigned in 1965 and the boundaries of the 5th Ward no longer correspond to Society Hill&#39;s boundaries.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The land area of Society Hill is approximately 0.254 square miles. Bordering the Delaware River just south of Old City and Independence Hall, Society Hill is loosely defined as bounded by Walnut, Lombard, Front and 8th Streets.</p><br>
<p>The Society Hill Civic Association further subdivides Society Hill along Spruce Street and 4th Street into quadrants by intercardinal directions: northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW). See also.</p><br>
<p>Across different sources, variation in the exact border includes extending the eastern boundary to the Delaware River,The Society Hill Civic Association includes the area east of Front Street as part of Society Hill and recognizes residents of the 300 and 400 blocks of Gaskill Street and the 500 block of Front Street (all south of Lombard) as part of Society Hill. See also. The inclusion of these few blocks below Lombard Street is consistent with the southern boundaries that designate which buildings are within the Society Hill Historic District, as opposed to the neighborhood of Society Hill. the southern border to South Street, the northern border to Chestnut Street, or limiting the western border to 7th Street,Google Maps indicates that the southern border of Society Hill extends one block past Lombard street to South Street and that the western boundary terminates at 7th Street instead of 8th. The Center City District has adopted the Google boundaries, but extended the northern border by one block to Chestnut Street.</p><br>
<p>making the boundaries coterminous with USA Census tracts 10.01 and 10.02.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With prime access to the Delaware River and Philadelphias civic buildings, including Independence Hall, the neighborhood quickly became one of the most populous areas in colonial Philadelphia. Several market halls, taverns and churches were built alongside brick houses of Philadelphias affluent citizens.</p><br>
<p>After the Revolutionary War, the polluted Dock Creek—which had been used as a public sewer—became Dock Street when the city filled in the creek and created a new food distribution market. Though the streets of Philadelphia were carefully laid out in a grid, the new Dock Street&#39;s arc connecting Chestnut and Spruce Streets between 2nd and 3rd, owes its uncharacteristic shape to the path of the former creek as it ran to the river.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, the city expanded westward and the area lost its appeal. Houses deteriorated, and by the 1940s, Society Hill had become a slum neighborhood, one of the worst in the city.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the city, state and federal governments began one of the first urban renewal programs aimed at the preservation of historic buildings. While most commercial 19th-century buildings were demolished, historically-significant houses were restored by occupants or taken over by the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority and sold to individuals who agreed to restore the exteriors. Replicas of 18th-century street lights and brick sidewalks were added to enhance the colonial atmosphere. Empty lots and demolished buildings were replaced with parks, walkways, and modern townhouses.</p><br>
<p>From 1957–1959, the Greater Philadelphia Movement, the Redevelopment Authority and the Old Philadelphia Development Corporation bought 31 acre around Dock Street. They demolished and relocated the Dock Street market, setting aside 5 acre of land that would become the Society Hill Towers.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, Edmund Bacon, the executive director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, awarded developer-architect firm Webb and Knapp the competition for the redevelopment of Society Hill. Architect I. M. Pei and his team designed a plan for three 31-story Society Hill Towers and low-rise buildings. The Towers and townhouses project was completed in 1964, while the entire plan was completed in 1977. Architect Louis Sauer designed dozens of rowhouse projects for the area around Society Hill, including Waverly Court and Penn&#39;s Landing Square.</p><br>
<p>Historic buildings in Society Hill include the Society Hill Synagogue, built in 1829 as a Baptist church by Philadelphia architect Thomas Ustick Walter, one of the architects of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The synagogue was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Another notable building is St. Peter&#39;s Church, constructed between 1758 and 1761 by Robert Smith. Congregation Kesher Israel occupies and has renovated the building constructed by the Universalist Church in 1796 at 412 Lombard Street.</p><br>
<p>The Society Hill Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. In 1999, it was listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of the 2010 USA Census, there were 6,215 people residing in Society Hill, which accounts for 0.4% of Philadelphias total population. With 22,281 people per square mile, Society Hills population density is about twice that of Philadelphia&#39;s 11,497 people per square mile.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<h3>Primary and secondary schools</h3><br>
<p>Residents of all neighborhoods in Philadelphia are assigned to specific public schools by the School District of Philadelphia. Society Hill residents are zoned to the General George A. McCall School, located at 325 S. 7th Street, for kindergarten through eighth grade, and all persons zoned to McCall are assigned to Benjamin Franklin High School. Previously Furness High School was the zoned high school for Society Hill.</p><br>
<p>The McCall School serves Society Hill and the Chinatown areas. A construction contract for the McCall school building was awarded on October 26, 1909 and the official opening occurred in February 1911. Russell Scott Smith of Edutopia wrote that in 2004, compared with other schools in Philadelphia, "McCall already had a fairly good reputation for academic rigor and safety" and that by 2009 it had improved even more. In 2012 Kristen A. Graham of The Philadelphia Inquirer stated that McCall was one of "the district&#39;s stronger neighborhood schools".</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s School, located on Lombard Street between 3rd and 4th, is an independent, coeducational, non-sectarian day school, serving students in preschool (age 3) through eighth grade. The school was founded in 1834.</p><br>
<p>The designated parochial grade school of Old St. Marys Church and Old St. Josephs Church, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia, is St. Mary Interparochial Grade School.</p><br>
<h3>Libraries</h3><br>
<p>The Free Library of Philadelphia operates the Independence Branch at 18 South 7th Street. The Athenaem is a private library and museum with collections including architecture and interior design history, particularly for the period from 1800 to 1945.</p><br>
<h2>Historic congregations</h2><br>
<p>Society Hills many historically significant congregations reflect the fruition of William Penns Quaker maxim of religious toleration.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Joseph&#39;s Church (1733)</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Church (1761)</p><br>
<p>Old St. Mary&#39;s Church (1763)</p><br>
<p>Old Pine Street Church (1768)</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Church (1784)</p><br>
<p>Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church (1794)</p><br>
<p>Society Hill Synagogue (since 1967; First Baptist from 1829–1909; Roumanian-American Hebrew Congregation from 1910-1966)</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Society Hill is accessible via several forms of public transportation.</p><br>
<h3>Rapid Transit</h3><br>
<p>The Market–Frankford subway line stops at 2nd Street and 5th Street, which are two blocks north of Society Hill&#39;s Walnut Street boundary.</p><br>
<p>The PATCO Speedline, a rapid transit system connecting Philadelphia and southern New Jersey stops at 8th and Market Street station, two blocks north of Society Hill, and at the 9th and Locust Street station, which is one block west of Society Hill&#39;s 8th Street boundary.</p><br>
<h3>Bus</h3><br>
<p>The SEPTA 9 and 21 buses run westbound along Walnut Street. The 12 and 42 run westbound along parts of Spruce and Walnut Streets. The 12 also runs eastbound along Pine Street. The 47 runs northbound along 7th Street and southbound along 8th Street. The 57 runs northbound along 3rd Street and southbound along 4th Street.</p><br>
<h3>Bikeshare</h3><br>
<p>Since 2009, as part of a crosstown buffered bike lane pilot project, bike lanes were installed that run eastbound along Pine Street and westbound along Spruce Street. Society Hill is served by Indego bike-share stations at 9th and Locust Streets, 4th and Walnut Streets, Dock and Front Streets, 2nd and Lombard Streets, and 6th and Locust Streets.</p><br>
<h3>Greenways</h3><br>
<p>Society Hill contains pathways that connect the residential neighborhood with historic areas to the north. These paths are known as greenways and were designed specifically for pedestrian travel to minimize interaction with automobile traffic. The landscaped greenways were conceived by Edmund Bacon, who hired John Collins of Adleman, Collins & DuTot to design small-scale greenway parks and pedestrian connections woven mid-block between buildings.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Way, St. Peters Way, and Lawrence Court Walk are greenways that connect community places including St. Peter&#39;s, Old Pine, Three Bears Park, and</p><br>
<p>Bingham Court. The greenways feature public art and are designed to create a neighborhood that is walkable, rather than a disjointed collection of historic buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Society Hill has long been a popular neighborhood for numerous notable people. Past and present notable residents include:</p><br>
<p>Lynne Abraham (b. 1941)</p><br>
<p>Richard Allen (1760-1831)</p><br>
<p>Baruch Samuel Blumberg (nobel prize winner) (1925-2011)</p><br>
<p>Richardson Dilworth (1898-1974)</p><br>
<p>Terry Gross (b. 1951)</p><br>
<p>Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804)</p><br>
<p>Thaddeus Kosciuszko (1746-1817)</p><br>
<p>James Madison (1751-1836) and Dolley Madison (1768-1849)</p><br>
<p>John Penn (1729-1795)</p><br>
<p>Philip Syng Physick (1768-1837)</p><br>
<p>Samuel Powel (1738-1793)</p><br>
<p>Wendell Pritchett</p><br>
<p>Thomas Sully (1783-1872)</p><br>
<p>Chase Utley (b. 1978), longtime major league baseball player</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>Some of the most notable points of interest within Society Hill are listed below and marked on the adjacent map.</p><br>
<p>The St. James</p><br>
<p>Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier</p><br>
<p>Athenaeum of Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>Contributionship</p><br>
<p>Old St. Joseph&#39;s Church</p><br>
<p>Powel House</p><br>
<p>Society Hill Towers</p><br>
<p>Korean War Memorial</p><br>
<p>Sully Residence</p><br>
<p>Society Hill Synagogue</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Roman Catholic Church</p><br>
<p>Physick House</p><br>
<p>Cassey House</p><br>
<p>Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church</p><br>
<p>Cong. B&#39;nai Abraham</p><br>
<p>Vilna Congregation</p><br>
<p>Old Pine Street Church</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s School</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>Kosciuszko House</p><br>
<p>Head House</p><br>
<p>Points of interest just north of Society Hill are the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, Carpenters Hall, the First Bank of the United States, the Second Bank of the United States, the Merchants Exchange Building, and the Museum of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<h2>Film appearances</h2><br>
<p>In National Treasure (2004), Nicolas Cage&#39;s character runs through the streets of Society Hill, the graveyard of Old Pine Street Church and Headhouse Market.</p><br>
<p>The Sixth Sense (1999)</p><br>
<p>Ringwood Manor, located in Passaic County, New Jersey, was the site of an ironworks and home to a number of well-known ironmasters from the 1740s to the late 19th century. The current manor house was not built until 1807.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Scottish engineer Robert Erskine was hired in 1771 to manage the ironmaking operations at Ringwood. During the American Revolutionary War, after designing a cheval-de-frise for the Hudson River in 1776, he was appointed by General George Washington as his first Geographer and Surveyor General of the Continental Army. Erskine drew more than 275 maps of the northern sector. He also kept Ringwood iron operating, as the manufacture was important to supplying the Continental war effort. It was used in manufacturing links for the Hudson River Chain, a defensive device installed across the river north of West Point, and for tools and hardware for the army.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, Martin J. Ryerson purchased the historic ironworks. He began building the present Manor House in 1807 while still operating the iron mines and forges on the property. For the next half century, Ryerson ran five forge-furnace complexes in three counties from his headquarters at Ringwood. He made shot for the War of 1812. He also negotiated land and water rights with the Morris Canal Company for expansion of Long Pond (Greenwood Lake) and construction of the Pompton Feeder on the Morris Canal. The Ryerson Steel Company is still operating today.</p><br>
<p>New Yorks Peter Cooper, an inventor and industrialist purchased Ringwood Manor in 1854. One of the Manors last owners was Cooper&#39;s son-in-law, Abram S. Hewitt, ironmaster, educator, lawyer, USA Congressman, and mayor of New York City.</p><br>
<p>A 479 acre area including the manor house was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1966. The Ringwood Manor NHL area is the entire 479-acre Ringwood Manor State Park. One outbuilding houses a working coal-fired, bellows-fed forge. It was rebuilt in the 1960s and has since been briefly operated from time to time by volunteer blacksmiths.</p><br>
<p>Ringwood Manor is included within the larger Ringwood State Park, which also includes Skylands Manor and a recreational area. It is located three miles (5 km) east of Hewitt, New Jersey, off Route 23.</p><br>
<p>The Campo de Cahuenga, near the historic Cahuenga Pass in present-day Los Angeles, was an adobe ranch house on the Rancho Cahuenga where the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed between Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont and General Andrés Pico in 1847, ending hostilities in California between Mexico and the United States. The subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, ceding California, parts of Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Arizona  to the United States, formally ended the Mexican–American War. From 1858 to 1861 the Campo de Cahuenga became a Butterfield Stage Station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original adobe structure was demolished in 1900. The city of Los Angeles provided funds for the purchase of the property in 1923, and a Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival style replica "adobe" ranch house was built by the city following an effort led by Irene T. Lindsay, then president of the San Fernando Valley Historical Society, and dedicated on November 2, 1950. It is now a park and interpretive center managed by the City of Los Angeles&#39;s Department of Recreation and Parks in partnership with the Campo de Cahuenga Historical Memorial Association. Campo de Cahuenga is registered on the National Register of Historic Places, as California Historical Landmark No. 151, and as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 29.</p><br>
<p>The foundations of the original adobe were unearthed beneath Lankershim Boulevard during construction of the Metro B Line subway. The parts of the foundations within the park are preserved as an exhibit, and the "footprint" of the foundations under the street and sidewalk is marked by decorative pavement.</p><br>
<p>Campo de Cahuenga is often confused with the nearby Rancho Cahuenga, an inholding within the Rancho Providencia land grant, now part of Burbank.</p><br>
<p>The building is used by various organizations for special programs and regular meetings, and it is open with a docent on the first Saturday of each month, from 12:00 PM to 4:00 PM.</p><br>
<h2>California Historical Landmark</h2><br>
<p>California Historical Landmark Marker No. 151 at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>NO. 151 CAMPO DE CAHUENGA - Here was made the Treaty of Cahuenga by General Andrés Pico, commanding forces for Mexico, and Lieutenant-Colonel J. C. Frémont, USA Army, for the United States. By this treaty, agreed upon January 13th, 1847, the United States acquired California - finally secured to us by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, made February 2nd, 1848. This legend was written February 9, 1898 by Mrs. Jessie Benton Frémont.</p><br>
<p>Bancroft Mills is an abandoned mill complex along Brandywine Creek in Wilmington, Delaware, United States. It has been the site of some of the earliest and most famous mills near Wilmington and was the largest and longest running complex along the Brandywine.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment and change of leadership: 1831–1895</h3><br>
<p>Joseph Bancroft (1803–1874), an English immigrant who had worked in the Midlands textile industry, established Bancroft Mills in 1831. The mill was rebuilt following an 1839 flood and was expanded several times, including a large 1895 expansion. By 1880, the mill was already the largest cotton finishing mill in the United States. Joseph Bancroft&#39;s son Samuel Bancroft, publisher of the Wilmington newspaper Every Evening and a major philanthropist, took control in the 1880s. His collection of pre-Raphaelite paintings formed the basis of the Delaware Art Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Consolidation and innovation: 1895–1961</h3><br>
<p>The mills were consolidated in 1895 by the Bancroft family partnership, which was soon reformed into a corporation. While other mills produced high-quality cloth, the Bancroft Mills were noted for their technological innovation and for finishing cloth that had been produced elsewhere. They were especially noted for producing fabric window shades. Bancroft introduced the mercerizing process into the United States, and pioneered the use of synthetic fabrics in weaving. They introduced the first permanent crease fabrics and Ban-Lon.</p><br>
<p>As textile producers left the northeastern United States for the southern states, the production buildings of Bancroft Mills closed in 1961 and the Bancroft Company was purchased by Indian Head Mills, Inc.</p><br>
<h3>Re-purposing of the mills</h3><br>
<p>The complex was recently owned by Wilmington Piece Dye company which went bankrupt in May 2003. The site was then bought by O&#39;Neill Properties Group, a company specializing in the renovation and revitalization of disused or potentially dangerous parcels of land. In September 2015, Bancroft Mills became a large luxury condominium complex, called Rockford Falls. Today the complex stands as a reminder of the significant milling history of the Brandywine Valley.</p><br>
<p>Around 1:30 a.m. May 2, 2015, a fire was reported at the site. Wilmington FD as well as Volunteer Fire Companies from New Castle County in Delaware as well as companies from Chester and Delaware Counties from Pennsylvania responded. The building was currently under demolition.</p><br>
<p>Early in the morning of November 9, 2016, fire engulfed a large section of the abandoned property, destroying several of the historic mill buildings. As of that day the cause had not yet been determined. The rest of the Bancroft Mills, including its last remaining chimney and factory buildings along the creek, were completely demolished after the most recent fire. The land was next purchased by Delaware-based real estate company Capano Management, which has been rebuilt into new luxury apartment homes called The Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Innovations in textile production</h2><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Bancroft Mills patented two different production processes. Ban-Lon is a type of rayon that is bulkier than standard yarns and Everglaze was a cotton finishing process that made the fabric more dense like wool. Ban-Lon was very popular in the 1960s and 1970s making the licensing of it a profitable business for the company. In 1961, the Mills stopped producing textiles and began to rely on the royalties from their patents.</p><br>
<h2>Miss America sponsorship</h2><br>
<p>From the 1940s through the 1960s, the Bancroft Company became the primary sponsor of the Miss America Pageant. The sponsorship was an effort to promote its patented textile production processes by having Miss America contestants wear clothing made of Ban-Lon and Everglaze. During these years, the Bancroft Company put money towards scholarships for Miss America winners and, in return, Miss America contestants were required to take photo shoots wearing their products.</p><br>
<p>The Utica Psychiatric Center, also known as Utica State Hospital, opened in Utica on January 16, 1843.</p><br>
<p>It was New York&#39;s first state-run facility designed to care for the mentally ill, and one of the first such institutions in the United States. It was originally called the New York State Lunatic Asylum at Utica. The Greek Revival structure was designed by Captain William Clarke and its construction was funded by the state and by contributions from Utica residents.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the last patients were transferred to other care facilities and the hospital was closed. The hospital building is now used as a records archive for the New York State Office of Mental Health.</p><br>
<p>The building sits on the present-day campus of the Mohawk Valley Psychiatric Center along with newer buildings, some of which are still in use for psychiatric and other medical care.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Legislature authorized its establishment in 1836. The original plans for the hospital included four identical buildings, set at right angles to one another with a central courtyard. Due to a lack of funds, construction was halted after the first building was completed. This building (Old Main) stands over 50 ft high, 550 ft long, and nearly 50 ft in depth. The six Greek style columns that decorate the front of Old Main stand at 48 ft tall and each has an 8 ft diameter.</p><br>
<p>The hospital filled quickly and more beds were needed, so the building was enlarged by the addition of wings on either end. These wings opened in 1846, and in 1850, the accommodations were listed as: "380 single rooms for patients, 24 for their attendants, 20 dormitories each accommodating from 5 to 12 persons, 16 parlors or day rooms, 12 dining rooms, 24 bathing rooms, 24 closets and 24 water closets".</p><br>
<p>The hospital&#39;s first director, Amariah Brigham, thought that mental illness was the result of a bad environment, so the facility provided patients with spacious rooms, good nutrition, as well as physical exercise and mental stimulus. He believed in "labor as the most essential of our curative means". Accordingly, patients were encouraged to participate in outdoor tasks, such as gardening, and handicrafts, such as needlework and carpentry. Brigham also introduced an annual fair at the hospital to display and sell items created by the patients. The first fair, in 1844, raised $200, which went toward an addition to the library, musical instruments, and a greenhouse.</p><br>
<p>Some of the asylum inmates also printed a newspaper, called The Opal (10 volumes, 1851–1860), which contained articles, poems, and drawings produced by the patients.</p><br>
<p>Another analysis, from the perspective of modern psychiatric survivors, is that The Opal, while seeming to give power to inmates, really was just another form of slavery.Tenney, L. Psychiatric Slave No More: Parallels to a Black Liberation Psychology. Journal of Radical Psychology, 2008.</p><br>
<p>However, this analysis contradicts the editors of The Opal, who insisted their writing and publication was their work alone. In this respect, The Opal provided certain inmates with a creative outlet.</p><br>
<p>In 1852, Old Main&#39;s first floor stairway caught fire. Patients and staff were safely evacuated, but a firefighter and doctor were killed while trying to salvage items from the building. The entire center portion of the building was destroyed. Four days after the fire at Old Main, a barn on the asylum grounds caught fire. William Spiers, a convicted arsonist, former patient, and sporadic employee, was arrested after admitting to setting both fires because he was angry with his supervisor.</p><br>
<p>A Secret Institution (1890), a 19th-century autobiographical narrative, describes Clarissa Caldwell Lathrop&#39;s institutionalization at the asylum for voicing suspicions that someone was trying to poison her.</p><br>
<h2>American Journal of Insanity</h2><br>
<p>In 1844, Brigham founded the first English-language journal devoted to the subject of mental illness, American Journal of Insanity. Brigham was the editor-in-chief, and the journal was printed in the Utica State Hospital printing shop. After Brigham&#39;s death, the journal became the property of the hospital and in 1894, the American Medico-Psychological Association bought the journal for $994.50. The journal was later renamed the American Psychiatric Journal.</p><br>
<h2>Utica crib</h2><br>
<p>Brigham disliked the then-current practice of using chains to restrain patients, and invented the "Utica crib" as an alternative. The Utica crib was an ordinary bed with a thick mattress on the bottom, slats on the sides, and a hinged top that could be locked from the outside. It was 18 in deep, 8 ft long, and 3 ft wide. Doctors used the Utica crib to control and calm patients who were out of control. While use of the Utica crib was widely criticized, some patients found it to have important therapeutic value. One patient who had slept in the Utica crib for several days commented that he had rested better and found it useful for "all crazy fellows as I, whose spirit is willing, but whose flesh is weak".</p><br>
<p>In the Edinburgh Medical Journal (February 1878), Dr. Lindsay and other physicians at the Murray Royal Institution at Perth recommended the Utica crib. Lindsay stated that "the bed was practical and safe to patients." However, Dr. Hammond and Dr. Mycert of the Utica State Hospital attacked the Utica crib. Mycert stated that "the crib is at most barbarous and unscientific because there is already a tendency to determine the blood to the brain in excited forms of insanity which is released by the horizontal position in the crib and struggles the patient." Mycert also compared the Utica crib to a coffin. Hammond stated that sometimes patients died from being in the Utica crib. Some of these deaths occurred when attendants thought the patients were out of control when, in fact, they were having a heart attack, a stroke, or some other type of serious health problem. On January 18, 1887, with the help of George Alder Blumer, all Utica cribs were removed from the Utica State Hospital.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<h3>Staff</h3><br>
<p>Edward Nathaniel Brush</p><br>
<p>John P. Gray</p><br>
<h3>Patients</h3><br>
<p>William H. Christian (treated 1886–1887)</p><br>
<p>Clarissa Caldwell Lathrop (1880–1882)</p><br>
<p>James Bailey Silkman (1882)</p><br>
<p>Gerrit Smith (1860), treated with cannabis and morphine</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Rubel Castle  was established in Glendora, California, by Michael Clarke Rubel  and is owned and operated by the Glendora Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, a teenage Michael Rubel purchased a 1.7 acre plot dominated by an old reservoir and packing house from a recently-defunct citrus orchard. Continuing a childhood passion of building forts and other improvised structures, he and his friends soon embarked on a building program that was only completed in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Rubel Castle was constructed partly out of concrete, as well as nontraditional materials including scrap steel, rocks, bedsprings, coat hangers, bottles, and other repurposed materials that Rubel salvaged from the neighborhood as ranches and barns were giving way to tract houses.</p><br>
<p>To this day, chickens and other animals are frequently sighted on the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In 1959, Rubel bargained for the defunct Albourne Rancho property and took up residence in the citrus packing house. Rubels father, Henry "Heinz" Scott Rubel, had been an Episcopal priest and gag writer for Joe Penner, a radio comedian and movie star. In the 1960s, Rubels mother, one-time Broadway actress and Greenwich Village Follies dancer Dorothy Deuel Rubel, moved into the packing house with her son. She used the venue to throw parties. Guests arrived weekly by the hundreds, arriving inside a tin fruit packing house which had been transformed into a giant dance hall. Inside, surrounded by art and antique furniture remaining from Rubel ancestors, they mingled and danced to a small orchestra. The parties led to the packing house becoming known as "The Tin Palace."</p><br>
<p>Notable people who visited "The Tin Palace" in that time include Sally Rand, Dwight Eisenhower, Vivian Duncan of the Duncan Sisters, Woody Strode, Beatrice Kay, Harry Townes, Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Kid Chissell, Angie Dickinson, and Alfred Hitchcock.</p><br>
<p>Fellow castle builder "Colonel" Jirayr Zorthian was a supporter and friend involved in the project.</p><br>
<h2>Construction of the castle</h2><br>
<p>Though Rubel slept in one of the giant citrus refrigerators, the walls of thick cork were not sufficient sound insulation to allow him peace from his mother&#39;s parties. Beginning in 1968, Rubel began building a small get-away house in the empty 145,000-gallon concrete reservoir, using cement and discarded champagne bottles. The walls of the reservoir provided privacy and a noise barrier while he built the bottle house. The project lasted 20 years, culminating in what is now called the Rubel Castle.</p><br>
<p>Past 1968, with the help of his friends and close family, the castle grew to be thousands of square feet with towers five stories high. Rubel and his associates built the structure without architectural plans, using salvaged river rock, cement, steel, aluminum, telephone poles and wine bottles. Old motorcycles, tires, sand-filled rubber gloves, a camera, a golf club and a toaster are some of the items that protrude from the castle walls.</p><br>
<p>A restored 1911 Seth Thomas clock works runs the brass bells and clock that crown one of the high towers, which is 74 ft high. In the middle of the property sit a 1940s-era Santa Fe caboose, as well as old trucks and tractors. There is also a cemetery with rejected marble tombstones, but it contains no graves.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>Huell Howser interviewed Rubel for Videolog in 1990 and, after Michael&#39;s death, his nephew Scott, in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The castle has hosted royalty including Prince Philip. Some other notable guests have been former president Dwight D. Eisenhower, Henry Kissinger, the Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie, and Governor George Deukmejian.</p><br>
<p>In March 2005, Rubel donated the Castle to the.</p><br>
<p>Many television programs, music videos, and movies have been filmed on castle grounds, including NBC&#39;s Heroes, Our Flag Means Death, and a Frankenstein commercial by T-mobile.</p><br>
<p>Rubel Castle was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
